IELTS Academic Writing Task 1 Pie Topics 2026

Want to improve your IELTS score? Get instant feedback and learn from your mistakes!

This list contains a selection of IELTS Academic Writing Task 1 pie topics that were submitted by students who completed the IELTS exam in 2026. Select a topic at random and start practicing and enhancing your writing abilities.

pie
The charts below present information about electricity generated using renewable and non-renewable energy in USA in 2009 and 2019. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.
The charts below present information about electricity generated using renewable and non-renewable energy in USA in 2009 and 2019. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.

pie
The two graphs show the main sources of energy in the USA in the 1980s and the 1990s. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make

pie
The chart below show the percentage of water used for different purposes in six areas of the world. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Percentange of water used for different purposes in six areas of the world
The chart below show the percentage of water used for different purposes in six areas of the world. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Percentange of water used for different purposes in six areas of the world

pie
The charts below show the average precentage in typical meals of three types of nutrients, all of which may be unhealthy if eaten too much
The charts below show the average precentage in typical meals of three types of nutrients, all of which may be unhealthy if eaten too much

pie
The charts below show the comparison of different kinds of energy production in Dutch in five years. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The charts below show the comparison of different kinds of energy production in Dutch in five years. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

pie
The pie charts below show the coffee production,coffe consumption and the profit distribution around the world.
The pie charts below show the coffee production,coffe consumption and the profit distribution around the world.

pie
The following two pie charts give the results of a survey into the popularity of various leisure activities among European adults in 1985 and 1995. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. B

pie
The graph shows the post-school qualifications
The graph shows the post-school qualifications

pie
The three pie charts compare the composition of four different meals, namely breakfast, dinner, lunch and snacks, in terms of three nutrients, namely sodium, saturated fat and added sugar.
The three pie charts compare the composition of four different meals, namely breakfast, dinner, lunch and snacks, in terms of three nutrients, namely sodium, saturated fat and added sugar.

pie
The chart below shows a comparison of different kinds of energy production in France in 1995 and 2005.
The chart below shows a comparison of different kinds of energy production in France in 1995 and 2005.

pie
The charts below show the share of the Swiss Watch Market by brand in 2020 and 2021. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparison where relevant.
The charts below show the share of the Swiss Watch Market by brand in 2020 and 2021. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparison where relevant.

pie
The pie charts below show the share of the different brands in 2009 and 2019. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The pie charts below show the share of the different brands in 2009 and 2019. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

pie
The pie charts give information about the proportion males and females in employment in six categories divided into manual and non-manual occupations
The pie charts give information about the proportion males and females in employment in six categories divided into manual and non-manual occupations

pie
The graphs below show the percentage of household energy used and the amount of greenhouse gases produced in Australia. Summarise the information making comparisons where relevant.
The graphs below show the percentage of household energy used and the amount of greenhouse gases produced in Australia. Summarise the information making comparisons where relevant.

pie
The charts below show the percentages of reader who preferred to read certain types of book at A&Z library in 2009. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.
The charts below show the percentages of reader who preferred to read certain types of book at A&Z library in 2009. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.

pie
The following two pie charts show the results of a survey into the popularity of various leisure activities among European adults in 1985 and 1995. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The following two pie charts show the results of a survey into the popularity of various leisure activities among European adults in 1985 and 1995. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

pie
The charts bellow show the proportions of british students at one university in England who were able to speak other languages in addition to English, in 2000 and 2010.
The charts bellow show the proportions of british students at one university in England who were able to speak other languages in addition to English, in 2000 and 2010.

pie
The charts detail the proportion of Australian secondary school graduates who were unemployed, employed or further education in 1980, 1990, and 2000. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The charts detail the proportion of Australian secondary school graduates who were unemployed, employed or further education in 1980, 1990, and 2000. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

pie
The charts below show the average percentages in typical meals of three types of nutrients, all of which may be unhealthy if eaten too much. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevent.
The charts below show the average percentages in typical meals of three types of nutrients, all of which may be unhealthy if eaten too much. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevent.

pie
The given pie charts compare the expenses in 7 different categories in 1966 and 1996 by American Citizens. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The given pie charts compare the expenses in 7 different categories in 1966 and 1996 by American Citizens. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

pie
The chart below shows the total number of minutes (in billion) of telephone calls in the UK, divided into three categories, from 1995-2002.
The chart below shows the total number of minutes (in billion) of telephone calls in the UK, divided into three categories, from 1995-2002.

pie
▪️The chart below shows how much money is spent in the budget on different sectors by the UAE government in 2000. ▪️Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
▪️The chart below shows how much money is spent in the budget on different sectors by the UAE government in 2000. ▪️Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

pie
the pie graphs below show the result of survey of children’s activities. The first graphs shows the culture and leisure activities that boys participate in, whereas the second graph shows the activities in which the girls participate
the pie graphs below show the result of survey of children’s activities. The first graphs shows the culture and leisure activities that boys participate in, whereas the second graph shows the activities in which the girls participate

pie
The pie charts show the revenue sources and expenditure of a children’s charity in the USA in one year.
The pie charts show the revenue sources and expenditure of a children’s charity in the USA in one year.

pie
The two pie charts illustrate the most frequent passenger complaints of two international airlines as well as their passengers' overall satisfaction. The airlines are One World Air and Blue Sky Airways.
The two pie charts illustrate the most frequent passenger complaints of two international airlines as well as their passengers' overall satisfaction. The airlines are One World Air and Blue Sky Airways.

pie
The pie charts provide information about the destinations and employement of Uk first degree holders.
The pie charts provide information about the destinations and employement of Uk first degree holders.

pie
The pie charts show the revenue source for U.S. highways for last year and U.S. highway expenditure by type for last year. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relecant.
The pie charts show the revenue source for U.S. highways for last year and U.S. highway expenditure by type for last year. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relecant.

pie
The charts below show the favourite takeaways of people in Canada and the number of Indian restaurants in Canada between 1960 and 2015.
The charts below show the favourite takeaways of people in Canada and the number of Indian restaurants in Canada between 1960 and 2015.

pie
The charts bellow show teh percentage of water used for different purposes in six areas of the world.
The charts bellow show teh percentage of water used for different purposes in six areas of the world.

pie
The chart below shows the resons why people travel to eork by bicyle or by car. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The chart below shows the resons why people travel to eork by bicyle or by car. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

pie
The charts below show the percentage of water used for different purposes in six areas of the word. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main feature and make comparisons relevant
The charts below show the percentage of water used for different purposes in six areas of the word. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main feature and make comparisons relevant

pie
The charts below give information on the sales of three different car types in the USA and the UK in 2005 and projections for 2055.
The charts below give information on the sales of three different car types in the USA and the UK in 2005 and projections for 2055.

pie
The devices people use to watch television in Canada. The pie charts below show the devices people in the 18 to 25 age group use to watch television in Canada in two different years. (
The devices people use to watch television in Canada. The pie charts below show the devices people in the 18 to 25 age group use to watch television in Canada in two different years. (

pie
The pie chart show the nutritional consistency of two dinners.
The pie chart show the nutritional consistency of two dinners.

pie
The charts below show the proportions of British students at one university in England who were able to speak other languages in addition to English, in 2000 and 2010. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
The charts below show the proportions of British students at one university in England who were able to speak other languages in addition to English, in 2000 and 2010. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,

pie
The pie charts below show the percentage of five kinds of books sold by a booksellere between 1972 and 2012
The pie charts below show the percentage of five kinds of books sold by a booksellere between 1972 and 2012

pie
The pie charts illustrate the percentage of energy generated from five different sources, namely Hydropower, Oil, Nuclear power, Coal, Natural gas, in a particular nation between 1983 and 2003.

pie
The first chart below shows how energy is used in average Australian household. The second chart shows the greenhouse gas emission which result from this energy use. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The first chart below shows how energy is used in average Australian household. The second chart shows the greenhouse gas emission which result from this energy use. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

pie
The pie charts below show how dangerous waste products are dealt with in three countries. Summerise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The pie charts below show how dangerous waste products are dealt with in three countries. Summerise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

pie
The pie charts compare ways of accessing the news in Canada ans Australia.
The pie charts compare ways of accessing the news in Canada ans Australia.

pie
thw two pie charts show online shopping sales for retail sectors in Canada in 2005 and 2010.
thw two pie charts show online shopping sales for retail sectors in Canada in 2005 and 2010.

pie
The pie charts below show units of eletricity production by fuel source in Australia and France in 1980 and 2000. Summarise the information by selectiong and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevan
The pie charts below show units of eletricity production by fuel source in Australia and France in 1980 and 2000. Summarise the information by selectiong and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevan

pie
The charts give information about world forest in six different regions Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

pie
The charts below show the percentage of water u sed for different purposes in six areas of the world.

pie
The pie chart illustrates the total proportion of three types of nutrients added in specific meals in The United States, which could be harmful to their body if they eat too much. Overall, most American meals contain high sodium and saturated fat in dinner compared to other nutrients except sugar, which is mostly added in snacks. To begin with, the highest amount of sodium and saturated fat in The US food is dinner, accounting for 43% and 37%, respectively. In contrast, only a little amount of those nutrients, with 21% saturated fat and 14% sodium, are founded in snack. This is because a considerable amout of sugar is dominated the total proportion, about 42%. On the other hand, the composition of sodium and saturated in lunch is slightly higher than breakfast by nearly 10 points. However, The proportion of added sugar in breakfast (16%) and lunch (19%) almost remain the same.
The pie chart illustrates the total proportion of three types of nutrients added in specific meals in The United States, which could be harmful to their body if they eat too much. Overall, most American meals contain high sodium and saturated fat in dinner compared to other nutrients except sugar, which is mostly added in snacks. To begin with, the highest amount of sodium and saturated fat in The US food is dinner, accounting for 43% and 37%, respectively. In contrast, only a little amount of those nutrients, with 21% saturated fat and 14% sodium, are founded in snack. This is because a considerable amout of sugar is dominated the total proportion, about 42%. On the other hand, the composition of sodium and saturated in lunch is slightly higher than breakfast by nearly 10 points. However, The proportion of added sugar in breakfast (16%) and lunch (19%) almost remain the same.

pie
1 The pie charts provided information about the average money spent on households in Japan and Malaysia in the year 2010.

pie
The pie charts below show the sources for UK tax revenue for last year and the total UK hovernment spending for last year. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make compariosns where relevant.
The pie charts below show the sources for UK tax revenue for last year and the total UK hovernment spending for last year. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make compariosns where relevant.

pie
The charts below show the percentage of time used for different activities in the office in the US in 1980 and 2000. summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, an nake comparisons where relevant.
The charts below show the percentage of time used for different activities in the office in the US in 1980 and 2000. summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, an nake comparisons where relevant.

pie
The pie charts below show the share of the Swiss Watch Market by brand in 2009 and 2019.
The pie charts below show the share of the Swiss Watch Market by brand in 2009 and 2019.

pie
The pie charts below show how dangerous waste products are dealt with in three countries. Write a report for a university, lecturer describing the information shown below. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.
The pie charts below show how dangerous waste products are dealt with in three countries. Write a report for a university, lecturer describing the information shown below. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.

pie
The pie charts below show the devices people in the 18 to 25 age group use to watch television in Canada in two different years. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Pie Chart

pie
The pie charts show the average consumption of food in the world in 2008 compared to two countries; China and India. Write a report to a university lecturer describing the data.
The pie charts show the average consumption of food in the world in 2008 compared to two countries; China and India. Write a report to a university lecturer describing the data.

pie
The charts below give information about different types of waste disposal of in one country in 1960 and 2011. Summarize the information be selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The charts below give information about different types of waste disposal of in one country in 1960 and 2011. Summarize the information be selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

pie
The pie charts show the amount of money that a Kazakh charity organization spent and received in 2019.
The pie charts show the amount of money that a Kazakh charity organization spent and received in 2019.

pie
The pie charts below show the most common advantages and disadvantages of Bowen Island, according to a survey of visitors. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The pie charts below show the most common advantages and disadvantages of Bowen Island, according to a survey of visitors. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

pie
The charts below show the proportion of expenditure by students, an average, at one university, in 2000 and 2010 Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevan

pie
The given pie charts compare the varian types of energy power in French families over the course of a decade.
The given pie charts compare the varian types of energy power in French families over the course of a decade.

pie
two pie charts below show the percentages of industry's sectors' contribution to the economy
two pie charts below show the percentages of industry's sectors' contribution to the economy

pie
The charts below show the average percentages in typical meals for three types of nutrients, all of which may be unhealthy if eaten too much. Angsa
The charts below show the average percentages in typical meals for three types of nutrients, all of which may be unhealthy if eaten too much. Angsa

pie
Two pie charts show a comparison of the proportion of people with different degrees and professions who worked in an engineering company in 1980 and 2008
Two pie charts show a comparison of the proportion of people with different degrees and professions who worked in an engineering company in 1980 and 2008

pie
The pie chart compares the average household spending in two different countries in terms of five important categories in 2010.
The pie chart compares the average household spending in two different countries in terms of five important categories in 2010.

pie
The charts show the sources of the electricity produced in 4 countriesin 2003. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

pie
The pie chart shows the browser usage on wikimedia for the year 2011. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.
The pie chart shows the browser usage on wikimedia for the year 2011. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.

pie
The pie charts display how electricity production by various energy sources has changed in Scotland in 20 years.
The pie charts display how electricity production by various energy sources has changed in Scotland in 20 years.

pie
How do the two pie charts illustrate the proportion of industrial contribution of factors to the economy of Turkey in 2000 and 2016.?
How do the two pie charts illustrate the proportion of industrial contribution of factors to the economy of Turkey in 2000 and 2016.?

pie
Academic Graph charts show various activities in a US office in 1980 , 2000
Academic Graph charts show various activities in a US office in 1980 , 2000

pie
The chart below gives the percentage of social media users by age in Jamestown in 2018.

pie
The two pie charts below show the marital status of the populations of Canada and Australia.
The two pie charts below show the marital status of the populations of Canada and Australia.

pie
The pie chart blow shows the average household expenditures in Japan and Malaysia in the year 2010. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

pie
The charts below give information about world spending and population. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The charts below give information about world spending and population. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

pie
The given pie charts illustrates the propotions od visits to Ireland one year ago by age group, and by gender and type of visit.
The given pie charts illustrates the propotions od visits to Ireland one year ago by age group, and by gender and type of visit.

pie
The chart below shows the results of two surveys, carried out at the beginning and end of the year, asking a restaurant's unhappy customers why they were dissatisfied with their experience.
The chart below shows the results of two surveys, carried out at the beginning and end of the year, asking a restaurant's unhappy customers why they were dissatisfied with their experience.

pie
The pie chart below shows the relative size of populations of countries of the European Union in 2021.

pie
The pie chart below shows the native languages spoken by students at Bakersfield senior college in two separate years. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main feature, and make comparisons where relevant.
The pie chart below shows the native languages spoken by students at Bakersfield senior college in two separate years. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main feature, and make comparisons where relevant.

pie
The pie chart shows the main reasons for migration to/from the UK in 2007. Summarise the information by selecting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The pie chart shows the main reasons for migration to/from the UK in 2007. Summarise the information by selecting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

pie
The pie chart shows change sin 4 employment sector in two towns.
The pie chart shows change sin 4 employment sector in two towns.

pie
The charts give information about employment in the U.K. in 1988 and 2012.
The charts give information about employment in the U.K. in 1988 and 2012.

pie
The pie charts below show units of electricity production by fuel source Australia nad France in 1980 and 2000.
The pie charts below show units of electricity production by fuel source Australia nad France in 1980 and 2000.

pie
The charts present the average percentage in typical meals of sodium, saturated fats, and added sugars, all of which may unhealthy if eaten too much.
The charts present the average percentage in typical meals of sodium, saturated fats, and added sugars, all of which may unhealthy if eaten too much.

pie
The pie charts below show the comparison different kinds of energy production in France in 1995 and 2005.
The pie charts below show the comparison different kinds of energy production in France in 1995 and 2005.

pie
The three pie charts illustrate how many hours spent in a library by undergraduate and postgraduates compared to the total student population at a university in Britain
The three pie charts illustrate how many hours spent in a library by undergraduate and postgraduates compared to the total student population at a university in Britain

pie
The pie charts below show units of electricity production by fuel source in Australia and France in 1980 and 2000.
The pie charts below show units of electricity production by fuel source in Australia and France in 1980 and 2000.

pie
The first chart below show how energy is used in an average Australian household. The second chart shows the greenhouse gas emissions which result from this energy use.
The first chart below show how energy is used in an average Australian household. The second chart shows the greenhouse gas emissions which result from this energy use.

pie
The two pie charts below show total world energy consumption and electricity generation for last year. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The two pie charts below show total world energy consumption and electricity generation for last year. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

pie
The pie chart show the reasons for immigrations to and from the UK in 2007
The pie chart show the reasons for immigrations to and from the UK in 2007

pie
The charts below show the number of reasons why some people leave UK and why some people choose to stay. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant
The charts below show the number of reasons why some people leave UK and why some people choose to stay. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant

pie
The pie charts show the electricity generated in Germany and France from all sources and renewables in the year 2009. Summerise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make the comparison where relevant.
The pie charts show the electricity generated in Germany and France from all sources and renewables in the year 2009. Summerise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make the comparison where relevant.

pie
The charts below illustrate which of 3 fast-food restaurants were the most preferred amongst teenagers in Vietnam and Indonesia in 2017 and predictions for 2027. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.

pie
The pie charts below show the number of native speakers of different languages in Canada in 1996,2006 and 2016. Summatise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisions where relevant.
The pie charts below show the number of native speakers of different languages in Canada in 1996,2006 and 2016. Summatise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisions where relevant.

pie
The three pie charts show the proportion of four kinds of vehicles used in the UK in 1996, 1985 and 2005.

pie
A glance at the four pie charts provided reveals a comparison of the people of the two countries, Yemen and Italy for the three various age groups in two different Periods, in 2000 and foresight for 2050. Overall, it is apparent from the information supplied that the remarkable change in society related to 15-59-year-olds during these years for both countries. In 2000, in Yemen, the old people made up 3.6percent of the total number of people in comparison with 24.1percent in Italy. The 0-14-year group in Italy reached 14.3 percent, which was almost 3 times higher than that of Yemen. Moreover, in Italy, the figure for 15-59 year-age was by far the most important in 2000, accounting for 61.6 percent, while Yemen's young people just reached 46.3 percent at the same time. In 2050, the 0-14 age group in Yemen is forecasted to account for 37 percent, which is higher than that figure in Italy roughly 25percent. On the other hand a tiny fraction of the old people is projected to be recorded in Yemen, 42.3percent of Italy's people are expected to be elderly. The figure for Yemen and Italy's 15-59-year-old people is predicted to occupy 57.3percent and 46.2percent, respectively.

pie
The supplied pie chart enumerates the comparison of the online shopping for selling section in Cabada from 2005 to 2010.
The supplied pie chart enumerates the comparison of the online shopping for selling section in Cabada from 2005 to 2010.

pie
Comparison of Energy Production The pie charts show information about energy production in a country in two separate years.
Comparison of Energy Production The pie charts show information about energy production in a country in two separate years.

pie
The chart below show the percentage of water used for different purposes in six areas of the world. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting important feature
The chart below show the percentage of water used for different purposes in six areas of the world. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting important feature

pie
The pie charts below show the percentage of time working adults spent on different activities in a particular country in 1959 and 2008. Summarize the information and by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparison where relevant.
The pie charts below show the percentage of time working adults spent on different activities in a particular country in 1959 and 2008. Summarize the information and by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparison where relevant.

pie
two pie charts show the patterns of expenditure in the us between 1966 - 1996. summariese the information by selecting and reporting the main features,and make comparisons where relevant.

pie
The two pie charts below compare employment patterns in Great Britain by sex in 2010.
The two pie charts below compare employment patterns in Great Britain by sex in 2010.

pie
The two pie charts below show some employment pattens in Great Britain in 199w
The two pie charts below show some employment pattens in Great Britain in 199w

pie
The pie graphs below show the result of a survey of children's activities. The first graph shows the cultural and leisure activities that boys participate in, whereas the second graph shows the activities in which girls participate. Write a report for a report with the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The pie graphs below show the result of a survey of children's activities. The first graph shows the cultural and leisure activities that boys participate in, whereas the second graph shows the activities in which girls participate. Write a report for a report with the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

pie
The pie charts compare the proportions of Italian and Yemeni citizens in three age groups in 2000 and projections for 2050.

🚀 Prepare for IELTS writing section today!
  • Unlimited Task 1 & Task 2 checks
    Practice with essays, charts, and letters.
  • Personalized suggestions & mistake analysis
    Spot every mistake and boost your score.
  • Topic ideas & vocabulary helpers
    Expand your ideas and use the right words.
  • Progress tracking
    Watch your writing improve with every practice.