The chart shows sources of funding for research and development (R&D) in the UK from 2010 to 2012. The table below shows the percentage of national income spent on R&D for a range of countries. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The graph below shows the number of international students enrolled in universities in Australia, Canada, and the UK between 2000 and 2020.
You work for an international company, and would like to spend six months working in its headoffice in another country. Write a letter to your manager in your letter 1.Explain why you want to work in the company's head office for six months 2. Say how your work could be done while you are away. 3. Ask for his/her help in arranging it.
In past games, personality was not ideal in our society, but in the 21st century, their minds changed and sportspeople became heroes and people started following them. In my belief sports persons get lots of extra benefits neither faces any problems. We will discuss in detail what benefits players get in their sideline of games.
Many cricketers are known for their performance, for example, Shahid Afridi made the fastest century at Sharjah Stadium. After that, he became very popular as a game winner and aggressive player. Therefore, the international cricket leagues selected Shahid Afridi at a higher salary in their teams. This is another extra income for him. It would not be wrong to say that the more famous, higher the price.
Out Side the ground popular cricketers play an important role in various television commercials, because of public demand, for instance, Cricketer Virat kholi act in shampoo advertising behind the reason of popularity, I read a statement of company brands managers who said that; when that ads aired consumers liked so much and also product demand was higher . furthermore, sportsmen never retire, because after they will retired as a player, they will start new career as a commentator, coach, and sports analyst, like Retired Cricketer Wasim Akram, Ramiz Raja, Shoaib Akhter.
On the other hand, many of company invite well-known sportsperson as a chief guest for the popularity of events. Those types of events also highly paid. At the same time, many crickets participate in different social and awareness campaigns to influence their common man.
In conclusion, the most famous person turns into a cash figure. Some people say that its weight is in gold, so sports people just like it.
Solving environmental problems should be the responsibility of international organization rather than each national government. Do you agree or disagree?
You have been invited to deliver a speech about your country at the international meeting at an American college. Write a letter to the secretary of the international community.
In your letter, you should tell:
accept invitation and suggest preferable dates
tell them what your talks will be about
and what equipment you require them to arrange.
The pie charts provide information about the destinations and employement of Uk first degree holders.
In many nations, people in huge cities either live alone or in small family units, in stead of in large, extended family group. Is is a positive or negative trend.
Some people believe that technology has made people’s lives easier while others think the opposite. Which do you believe and why? Give explanations and examples to support your opinion.
Some people argue that space exploration has had more to do with national pride than international effort. To what extent to you agree with this? How do you think space explonation will change in the future?
the pie charts provides infromation about the destination and employement of UK first degree holders
some people think that national sports teams and individual men and women who represent their country should be financially supported by the government. However, other argue that they should be funded by the non-government sources. Discuss both views and give opinion.
Today Advertisement me 1 message No attachment 1:55 AM No Subject These days, there is a widespread argument on the issue of whether large companies should provide sports and community facilities to the local people. While some still hold to the conservative view, I strongly argue that it is expected from large companies to establish sports and community facilities for the local people. The reasons for this are as follows. First of all, it is vitally important that large companies attempt to compensate for the harm they have brought to the local populations’ lives. Although such companies as Ferray factory have generated higher employment opportunities for the local residents, their ecological damages and disruptive impacts on residents’ daily lives like air pollution, noise pollution and heavy traffic are undeniable. In order to alleviate applied drawbacks, building sports gyms, health clinics and schools could be compensating. It is, therefore, necessary for large companies to pay adequate attention to the locals' tranquillity. Yet, perhaps the strongest argument in favour of this issue is the tremendous merits that would return to benefit those companies. Of course, investing in such facilities would impose an economic burden on large companies, nonetheless, this approach would increase convenience and enjoyment for their employees as well, resulting in efficiency growth at work. For instance, having provided such facilities for locals by Google company resulted in a peaceful life as well as an increase in the workers' innovation and problem-solving skills. Additionally, this would be associated with skilled workforces in the future. So, rather than considering building facilities for the public redundant, fulfilling these methods is advisable in the long term. By way of conclusion, I once again reaffirm my position that dedicating funds to providing facilities for local people is justified. Furthermore, warning the chief executive of the consequences of both implementing and ignoring this policy would encourage them to inv me 1 message No attachment 1:18 AM No Subject The graphs below show the percentage of graduates that got full-time jobs after graduating from a university in Australia, and the average salary of both these types of graduates, from 2004 to 2012. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. A glance at the line graph provided compares the rate of full-time recruitment among Math graduates and other graduates from an Australian university, while, the table illustrates their salaries during th me 1 message No attachment 1:17 AM No Subject All large companies should provide sports and community facilities to the local community. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from own knowledge or experience. These days, there is a widespread argument on the issue of whether large companies should provide sports and community facilities to the local people. While some still hold to the conservative view, I strongly argue that it is expected from large companies to establish sports and community facilities to the local people. The reasons for this are as follows. First of all, it is vitally important that large companies attempt to compensate for the harms they have brought to the local populations’ lives. Although such companies have generated higher employment opportunities for the local residents, their ecological damages and disruptive impacts on residents’ daily lives are undeniable. A salient example of this is air pollution, noise pollution and heavy traffic that local individuals have to tolerate. In order to alleviate applied drawbacks, building sports gyms, health clinics and schools could be compensating. It is, therefore, necessary for large companies to pay adequate attention to the locals' tranquility. Yet, perhaps the strongest argument in favour of this issue are the tremendous merits that would return to benefit those companies. Of course, investing on such facilities would impose economic burden to large companies, however, this approach would increase convenience and enjoyment for their employees as well, resulting in the efficiency growth at work. For instance, having provided such facilities for locals by Google company resulted in a peaceful life as well as an increase in the workers innovation and problem-solving skills. Additionally, this would be associated with skilled work forces in the future. So Yesterday Deel Immigration 1 message No attachment Nov 26 Essential Immigration Tips for a Stress-Free Holiday Discover essential travel tips, potential U.S. visa changes, and exciting updates like Kyrgyzstan's new digital nomad status. View in browser Hello Golchin, As the holiday season approaches, we're here to help you navigate the latest in immigration and travel. This month's newsletter is packed with essential tips for international travel, insights into potential U.S. visa changes, and exciting updates like Kyrgyzstan's new digital nomad status. Plus, join our webinars to stay ahead in global mobility. New t Monday scholarshipdb.net 1 message No attachment Nov 25 10 new job/jobs on site scholarshipdb.net scholarshipdb.net Hello [email protected] There are 10 new positions matching your search criteria Project manager, 18 Nov 2024 PhD position: Engineering advanced heart-on-chip devices (f/m/d), 20 Nov 2024 Postdoctoral researcher in shared mobility , 22 Nov 2024 Postdoctoral Research Associate, 22 Nov 2024 Faculty Instructor Research - Full-Time, 23 Nov 2024 Postdoctoral position: Developing a human lymphoid organ-on-chip to evaluate candidate mRNA vaccines, 22 Nov 2024 Veterinary Hospital Supervis Sunday آکادمی سنجش از دور 1 message No attachment Nov 24 🌏🌏تخفیف بزرگ روز GIS دوره های جدید جی آی اس🌏 view_in_browser دوره های آنلاین آموزش های جامع آموزش های کاربردی آموزش رایگان سلام خدمت همه متخصصین به لحظه های پایانی تخفیف GIS Day رسیدیم و تخفیف 42 درصدی برای همه آموزش ها و دوره ها برای اعمال تخفیف از کد زیر استفاده کنید کد تخفیف 42 درصدی فقط تا یکشنبه = gisday ورود به بخش Last week Mahdi Modarres 1 message Message has attachments Nov 23 یادگیری آیلتس با چاشنی تند تخفیف 🔔زنگ پر تخفیف بلک فرایدی ⏰ از شنبه ۳ آذر تا جمعه ۹ آذر 💰تخفیف ۷۰٪ دوره های آیلتس ⚠ فقط برای ۷۰ نفر اول در سایت www.ieltsmodarres.com Mahdi Modarres 1 message Message has attachments Nov 23 یادگیری آیلتس با چاشنی تند تخفیف 🔔زنگ پر تخفیف بلک فرایدی ⏰ از شنبه ۳ آذر تا جمعه ۹ آذر 💰تخفیف ۷۰٪ دوره های آیلتس ⚠ فقط برای ۷۰ نفر اول در سایت www.ieltsmodarres.com IELTS Tehran 1 message No attachment Nov 23 Are you really ready for your CD IELTS exam? داوطلب گرامی Golchin Azizinaybin، از اینکه ثبت نام آزمون آیلتس خود را در موسسه آیلتس تهران انجام دادید از شما سپاسگزاریم. تقریبا تمامی مواردی که به نمره قبولی آیلتس نیاز دارند، دارای مراحل متعددی هستند که دریافت نمره آیلتس فقط یکی از آنهاست. از این رو هدف تیم کمک و همیاری با داوطلبان به منظور me 1 message No attachment Nov 22 No Subject The graph below shows the number of films produced by five countries in three years. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. A glance at the graph provided compares the number of movies produced by five nations in 2007, 2008 and 2009. In general, compared to other nations, A and B countries made the highest cooperation in producing a higher number of movies. It is evident from the information supplied that the bigest film producer was nation A which published 90 movies in both 2007 and 2008, and a slightly lower 80 ones a year later. Yet, by far the most significant change to take place during this oeriod was the increased produced movies by nation B from 50 movies in 2007 and 2008 to 70 movies in 2009. In stark contrast, however, the other countrirs played the least role in producing movies. Having produced less than 20 movies in the all three years, nation A experienced an upward trend in this field, while nation D and E virtually saw a stable trend. Advertisement me 1 message No attachment Nov 22 No Subject People believe that they should be able to keep all the money they earn and should not pay tax to the state. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from own knowledge or experience. The past 50 years have seen a dramatic increase in striks and complaints against paying tax to the state. While some argue that it is their civil right to save all their income without fraction fot tax, in this essay, I intend to argue that it i آکادمی سنجش از دور 1 message No attachment Nov 22 🔰جشنواره روز جی آی اس آموزش های خود را در روز GIS تهیه کنید🌏 view_in_browser دوره های آنلاین آموزش های جامع آموزش های کاربردی آموزش رایگان سلام خدمت همه متخصصین بالاخره به GIS Day رسیدیم و تخفیف 42 درصدی برای همه آموزش ها و دوره ها برای اعمال تخفیف از کد زیر استفاده کنید کد تخفیف 42 درصدی فقط تا ظهر شنبه = gisday ورود به بخ [email protected] 1 message No attachment Nov 22 New jobs posted from careers.pacificorp.com You are receiving this email because you joined the PacifiCorp Talent Community on 6/14/23. You will receive these messages every 7 day(s). Your Job Agent (Environmental Analyst (Mid/Sr), Portland, OR (Remote work available) #110492, Portland OR US) matched the following jobs at careers.pacificorp.com. ((Click to modify)) Environmental Analyst (Mid, Sr.), Portland, OR #112739 - PORTLAND, OR, US, 97232 Systems & Development Analyst 1/2/3 or Senior (Portland, OR) #111393 - PORTLAND, OR, US, 97232 Systems & De me 1 message No attachment Nov 22 No Subject The diagram below shows the process by which bricks are manufactured for the building industry. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. Given is a figure illustrating the detailed process of brick production which entails 5 stages. In general, it is an environmentally unfriendly process due to the huge amount of natural resources consumption and ecological damages. First, the raw material for brick manufacturing which is a type of sticky earth named clay is excavated by diggers. Having passed them through a metal grid into a roller machine separates useless big pieces of stones. The acquired substances then, blended with sand and water and poured in mould or a bigger container which demand wire to cut them into standard size of brick. Yet, the gained bricks are smooth and should be dried in an oven for 24 to 48 hours. Finally, they are transferred into the first kiln of moderate temperature and then the second kiln with 870 to 1300 centigrade in cooling chamber for 48 to 72 hours. Afterwards, they are ready to be packed and delivered. me 1 message No attachment Nov 22 No Subject Some people believe music plays an important role in society, while others think it is only a form of entertainment for individuals. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. These days, there is a widespread disagreement on the issue of whether music have a positive impact on humans’ lives or is just a tool for entertaining. While some contend that it has just entertaining consumption, in this essay, Penn State World Campus 1 message No attachment Nov 21 We celebrate you this season A look inside the life of an online learner. As we prepare to close the books on another year, we want to take this opportunity to thank you for considering Penn State as a partner in online learning. One of the best parts of the season is catching up with friends and family. Over the holidays, many of our students find themselves answering questions about online learning and their Penn State World Campus experience. We made a quick video for our students, covering some of the most common questions they may Penn State World Campus 1 message No attachment Nov 20 Meet your Penn State leadership We are always available to help our lifelong learners. Golchin, We're excited about your interest in Penn State World Campus and wanted to give you a sense of our commitment to student success, starting at the top. Our leadership consists of administrators with strong educational backgrounds and a dedication to ensuring students have the resources and support they need to succeed. Our faculty and department heads have deep expertise in their fields combined with a passion for supporting adult learners. Our Indeed 1 message No attachment Nov 20 Jada Staffing Inc. is hiring for GIS Specialist. 9 more GIS jobs in United States. Apply now at Lumen, Enviva, and GAI Consultants INC 10 new GIS jobs in United States These job ads match your saved job alert ¹ GIS Specialist Jada Staffing Inc. Remote $52.50 - $65.00 an hour Easily apply Demonstrate experience with GIS and web server setup and configuration, ensuring reliable integration of LACPS with web-based mapping and reporting tools.6 days ago Geographic information specialist - USC/GC Candid8 Remote $55 - $60 an hour Easily apply Manage GIS data and develop GIS-based solutions to me 1 message No attachment Nov 20 No Subject The past 50 years have seen a dramatic increase in downloading books and music from the internet. Despite the undeniable economic harm that copyrighted books and music have brought to their producers' lives, I intend to argue that the overall benefits of this are numerous. The reasons for this are as follows. First of all, it is an irrefutable fact that the availability of books and music on the Internet for free would result in a significant decline in the number of published ones in the future. Downloadin (No Subject) me To golchin azizi 1:18 AM Nov 27 at 1:18 AM The graphs below show the percentage of graduates that got full-time jobs after graduating from a university in Australia, and the average salary of both these types of graduates, from 2004 to 2012. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. A glance at the line graph provided compares the rate of full-time recruitment among Math graduates and other graduates from an Australian university, while, the table illustrates their salaries during the period from 2004 to 2012. In general, it seems that math graduates not only were more successful in finding full-time jobs but earned more than other graduates. It is evident from the information supplied that the rate of full-time employment for math graduates was higher than graduates of other majors, experiencing a steady trend between 75% and 80%. However, it fluctuated considerably for other graduates. From 65% in 2004, it peaked at 82% in 2006, before dropping to less than 60% in 2012. Interestingly, Math graduates earned more than other graduates. Although their salaries were the same at $41000 in 2004 and $43000 in 2006, after 2008 the gap between them increased. Having earned $50000 in 2008, math graduates’ income reached $56000 in 2012. Meanwhile other graduates experienced a marginal growth in their income which was $45000 in 2008 and $51000 in 2012. The graph shows consumers' average annual expenditure on cell phone, national and international fixed- line services in America between 2001 in 2010
There are millions of counterfeit products bought and sold each year worldwide, including fake brand name shoes, electronics and cosmetics. What are the reasons for this, and what are the solutions? Use explanations and examples to support your opinion.
The best way to resolve the international environmental problems is to increase the cost of fuel. Do you agree or disagree?
Traditional food is being replaced by international fast food. This has negative effectsn family and society. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
The supplied bar chart illustrates the proportion of adult male smokers in seven different nations along with the world average in the period 2000 and 2015. Overall, in contrast, the number of male smokers was less in 2015 rather than in the year 2000. Generally speaking, in the term 2000, Armenia calculated the high number of male smokers, while, Australia had around 30% of male smokers in their country. Similarly, Egypt and Lebanon contains the equal amount of male smokers around 35%. In Cuba, a fractional decrease can be seen in the population of male smokers. Furthermore, in the span of 2015, some countries show decrement in adult smokers, especially Bangladesh had shown a decrease in smokers from over 60% to about 40%. On the other hand, there is a slight expansion in the number of smokers in the countries like Egypt and Lebanon. Moreover, the three nations show the same amount of smokers at around 50% in countries like Armenia, Egypt and Cuba.
The graph below shows the percentage of people by age group visiting the cinema at least once per month in one particular country between 1978 and 2008. The line chart below illustrates the proportion of the public in each age group who visit the cinema at least once per 30 days in on particular nation during the period from 1978 and 2008. Overall, although the four different age groups showed various contrasting trends in cinema visits over the period, the 14–24 age group had the highest level among the others, with only minor fluctuations, whereas the 25-34 age experienced a significant growth. In 1978, the proportion of people between 14 and 24 began at about 40% and showed a minor drop until 1988, then witnessed a sharp increase, reaching 51%
Many parents these days work in other nations, bringing their families with them. Do you think that the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages?
The bar chart below shows the number of tourists in three nations who travel to Australia in 2005 and 2015. The graph below shows the number of tourists who use two types for holiday. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The world is experiencing a dramatic increase in population. This is causing problems not only for the poor in undeveloped countries but also for industrialised and developing nations. Should population control be strictly controlled by governments ? Give your opinion.
The pie chart and the table illustrate the changes in exports in one nation in five different categories between 2015 and 2016.
Only formal examinations, written ro practical, can give clear picture of students true knpwlegde and ability at university level. Continuous assessment like course work and projects are poor measure of student ability. To what extent do you agree or disagree on this view?
Some People prefer to provide help and support to those in the local community who need it. Others, however, prefer to give money to national and international charitable organizations. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Formal examinations are the only effective way to assess a student's performance. Continual assessment such as course work and projects is not a satisfactory way to do this. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? In what other ways the assessment of a child can be done?
The graph below gives information about international tourist arrivals in five countries.
You have just read an article in an international travel magazine which contained some information about your town that is incorrect.
Write a letter to the editor of the magazine. In your letter
•correct the information in the article
•explain why it is important for the magazine to give correct information
• suggest what the magazine should do about this situation
Write at least 150 words.
You do NOT need to write any addresses.
Begin your letter as follows:
The beat way to understand other cultures is to work for a multinational organization. To what extent to you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer and include any examples.
You have just read an article in a national newspaper which claims that town centers in your country all look very similar to each other. you don't fully agree with this opinion.
Write a letter to the editor of the newspaper. In your letter
.Say which points in the article you agree with
.Explain ways in which your town center is different from most other town centers
.Offer to give guided tour of your twon to the writer of the articleI have recently
The graph below shows the number of international graduates from UK universities in 2000 and 2015. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. N.
The wealth of a nation is said to depend on the health of its citizens. Yet, in the modern knowledge-based economies of the world, education is more and more being seen as the main force in the development of all countries. In what extent do you agree or disagree?
The bar chart shows the number of tourists visiting Country X from various parts of the world and the table displays the income of different businesses in the nation in 2007 and 2008. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas, are the main source for many countries. However, some nations are using alternative energy such as solar power and wind power. Do you think this is a positive or negative development?
Nowadays, it has become a trend among people to leave their own country to work or live abroad.People choose to work in countries which are more developed than their own for higher standards of living.In this essay, I will discuss that working and settling in other nations has more advantages than disadvantages.
The bar chart below shows the number of tourists in three nations who trave/ to Australia in 2005 and 2015. The graph below shows the numberof tourists who use two types for holiday. summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where re/evant.
You have just read an article in an international travel magazine which contained some information about your town that is incorrect.
Write a letter to the editor of the magazine. In your letter
- correct the information in the article
- explain whey it is important for the magazine to give correct information
- suggest what the magazine should do about this situation
International travel agencies are going to reduce their fees for people. Do you think its advantages outweigh the disadvantages? (approximately 250 words)
IELTS Letter Writing / GT Writing Task 1:
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
You work for an international company. You have seen an advertisement for a training course which will be useful for your job.
Write a letter to your manager. In your letter,
describe the training course you want to do
explain what the company could do to help you
say how the course will be useful for your job
Write at least 150 words.
the costs of international travel are decreasing and tourism is growing . what are the advantages and diadvantages.
Some people believe that the responsibility for the protection of the environment is by a transnational organization, rather than by each individual country. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
You are studying English at a private language school attended by many international students. You are planning a surprise birthday part for a friend who has been feeling particularly sad and homesick. Write to another classmate and invite him/her to the party.
In your letter:
- explain the reason for the party
- give the date abd time of the party
- suggest what the classmate could bring to the party
The line chart illustrated the sale of five different fruit jams ( strawberry, raspberry, grape, cherry, and plum) in one nation during the period from 2009 to 2014.
Some people believe that people who read books can develop more imagination and language skills than those who prefer to watch TV. To what extent do you agre or disagree?
Some people believe that the world should have only one government rather than national government. Do you think the benefits of this system outweigh its disadvantages?
Some people think the main reason for success is hard work and determination. While other people think factors like money and personal appearance are also important. Discuss both views and give your own opinions.
The table and pie chart illustrate populations in Australia according to different nationalities and areas. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.
In many developing countries, agriculture is becoming increasingly commercialized. This trend has both positive and negative impacts on local farmers and the national economy. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
A significant change in education has led students around the world to obtain knowledge, either in the theoretical or the practical field. Generally speaking, many universities in the world have provided a good system in education with a purpose to improve the quality of education offered to their students. To make a good system to be more implemented, universities commonly give students the a time to gain experience in the practical field. The opportunity could be a program with the aim to encourage students in applying their theoretical knowledge in practice.
The need for a better progress for today and the future is one of the reasons many students are looking for well-known companies to do an outside class learninng. There are many efforts that must be done to get a good place to work. And, by this process, students are often faced daunting choice for determining companies. There are many steps that they must be dealing with the recruitment, it could be a long process of recruitment. The situation that students face will be more complicated when they must deal with the visa procedures in the country of destination.
The situation above is often experienced by students who are willing to do internship abroad. As the impact, the situation is successfully created demands on providing the service to those students. Many internship business providers were established to help and solve a long process of placement. The company has the sole purpose of providing a good placement for international and local students.
Students often feel reluctant to do internship since they are afraid of doing menial tasks. Those menial tasks such as making copies or making coffee are not able to fulfil their high expectation. Due to students’ expectation is not only about doing menial tasks, but they are also highly expected to have meaningful experiences which enable them to apply the hard and soft skill. Those experiences provide many opportunities for their future, real-world experiences, networking, time management, and career foundations.
To work in companies, students have experiences to work hands on with the real business. A good working place will provide an opportunity for students preparing for their priorities direction. Generally speaking, the people in companies will help interns by giving direction to their job. Students will receive guidance during their probabation to achieve good performances. An Internship is a way to test drive jobs for students, whether they are able to pursue their goals or explore different career options.
Networking are often given by companies to students in order to gain new connections and learn how to communicate in a professional way. Many students expect this opportunity to explore their ability in communication as well as building companies’ connection. As students expect to meet business professionals in their field, networking is a proper place to practice their communication skill to bring positive impact to companies.
Time management will train students to be better at managing their self and for the company. They won’t be able to survive in the company if they do not have good time management. On the other side, they also must make all tasks is well organized, for examples finishing tasks on deadlines, handling phone calls or managing time to break or get permission. Students must notice how crucial time management in global business as it makes tasks become well organized.
They expect internship can be a career foundation for their future. They perceive that choosing the right path will help them to set up their career. Most students choose the companies based on the linearity of the interest and prospects. As a conclusion, students are willing to do the internship with the hope to improve their ability to work for their next step in life.
Charities and organizations always give special names to particular days such as 'National Children's Day' and 'National Non-smoking Day'. What are the causes of these particular days? How effective are they?