There is an increasing amount of advertising directed at children, encouraging them to buy toys and snacks. Many parents are worried that these advertisements put too much pressure on children, while some advertisements claim that they provide useful information to children. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

A In the early 1990s, the

California

Air Resources Board (CARB), the government of

California

’s ‘clean air agency’, began a push for more fuel-efficient, lower-emission

vehicles

, with the ultimate goal being a move to zero-emissions

vehicles

such

as electric

vehicles

. In response,

automakers

developed electric models, including the Chrysler TEVan, Ford Ranger

EV

pickup truck, G.M.

EV

1 and S10

EV

pickup, Honda

EV

Plus hatchback, Nissan lithium-battery Altra E.V. miniwagon and

Toyota

RAV4

EV

. Ford Fusion was manufactured at ford’s Hermosillo stamping & Assembly plant, located in Sonora, Mexico. I thought going green was supposed to provide the U.S. with more jobs. The

automakers

accused of pandering to the wishers of carb to continue to be allowed to sell

cars

in the lucrative Californian

market

while failing to adequately promote their electric

vehicles

to create the impression that the consumers were not interested in the

cars

. All the while joining oil industry lobbyists in vigorously protesting CARB’s mandate.

GM

’s program came under particular scrutiny; in an unusual move, consumers were not allowed to purchase EV1s, but

instead

asked to sign closed-end leases, meaning that the

cars

had to be returned to

GM

at the end of the lease period, with no option to purchase, Despite lesser interest in continuing to own the

cars

. Chrysler,

Toyota

, and a group of

GM

dealers sued CARB in federal court, leading to the eventual neutering of CARB’s ZEV Mandate. C After public protests by

EV

drivers’ groups upset by the repossession of their

cars

,

Toyota

offered the

last

328 RAV4-EVs for sale to the general public for six months, up until November 22, 2002. Almost all other production electric

cars

were withdrawn from the

market

and were in some cases, it is seen to destroyed by their manufacturers.

Toyota

continues to support the several hundred

Toyota

RAV4-

EV

in the general public's hands and in fleet usage.

GM

famously de-activated the few EV1s that were donated to engineering schools and museums D Despite their poor fuel efficiency thanks to lower gasoline prices. Throughout the 1990s, the appeal of fuel-efficient or environmentally friendly

cars

declined among Americans, who

instead

favoured sport utility

vehicles

, which were affordable to operate.

American

automakers

focused their product lines on truck-based

cars

, which enjoyed larger profit margins than the smaller

cars

preferred in Europe or Japan. In 1999, the honda insight hybrid

car

became the

first

hybrid to be sold in North

American

since the little-known woods hybrid of 1917. E In 1995,

Toyota

debuted a hybrid concept

car

at the Tokyo motor show with testing following a year later. The

first

Prius

, model NHW10, went on sale on December 10, 1997. It was available only in Japan, though it has been imported privately to at least the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. The

first

-generation

Prius

, at its launch, became the world

first

mass-produced gasoline-electric hybrid

car

. The NHW10

Prius

styling originated from

California

designers, who selected competing designs from other

Toyota

design studios. F In the united state, the NHW11 was the

first

Prius

to be sold. The

Prius

was marketed between the smaller corolla and the larger Camry. The published retail price of the

car

was US$19,995. The NHW11

Prius

became more powerful partly to satisfy the higher speeds and longer distances that Americans drive. Air conditioning and electric power steering were standard equipment. The vehicle was the

second

mass-produced hybrid on the

American

market

, after the two-seat Honda Insight. While the larger

Prius

could seat five, its battery pack restricted cargo space G The 2000s energy crisis brought renewed interest in hybrid and electric

cars

. Hybrids, which featured combined gasoline and electric powertrain, were seen as a balance, offering an environmentally friendly image and improved fuel economy without being hindered by the low range of electric

vehicles

, albeit at an increased price over comparable gasoline

cars

. Sales were poor, the lack of necessity for a fuel-efficient

car

at the time. In

American

, sales of the

Toyota

Prius

jumped, and various

automakers

followed suit, releasing hybrid models of their own. Several began to produce new electric

car

prototypes, as consumers called for

cars

that would free them from the fluctuations of oil prices. H In 2000, Hybrid Technologies, later renamed Li-ion

Motors

, started manufacturing electric

cars

in Mooresville, North Carolina. There has been increasing controversy with Li-ion

Motors

due to the ongoing ‘lemon issues’ regarding their product. And their attempt to cover it up.

California

electric-

car

maker Tesla Roadster, which was

first

delivered to customers in 2008. The roadster remained the only highway-capable

EV

in serial production and was available for sale until 2010. Senior leaders at several large

automakers

, including Nissan and General

Motors

, have stated that Roadster was a catalyst that demonstrated pent-up consumer demand for more efficient

vehicles

.

GM

vice chairman Bob Lutz said the Chevrolet Volt.

This

plug-in hybrid sedan prototype aims to reverse years of dwindling

market

share and massive financial losses for

American

’s largest automaker. In an August 2009 edition of the New Yorker, Lutz said, ‘all the geniuses here at General

Motors

kept saying lithium-ion technology is 10 years away, and

Toyota

agreed with us – and boom, along comes Tesla. So I said, ‘ How come some tiny little

California

startup, run by guys who know nothing about the

car

business, can do

this

, and we can’t? that was the crowbar that helped break up the log jam.