There is an increasing amount of advertising directed at children, encouraging them to buy toys and snacks. Many parents are worried that these advertisements put too much pressure on children, while some advertisements claim that they provide useful information to children. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

A In the early 1990s, the

California

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Air Resources Board (CARB), the government of

California

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’s ‘clean air agency’, began a push for more fuel-efficient, lower-emission

vehicles

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, with the ultimate goal being a move to zero-emissions

vehicles

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such

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as electric

vehicles

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. In response,

automakers

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developed electric models, including the Chrysler TEVan, Ford Ranger

EV

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pickup truck, G.M.

EV

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1 and S10

EV

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pickup, Honda

EV

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Plus hatchback, Nissan lithium-battery Altra E.V. miniwagon and

Toyota

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RAV4

EV

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. Ford Fusion was manufactured at ford’s Hermosillo stamping & Assembly plant, located in Sonora, Mexico. I thought going green was supposed to provide the U.S. with more jobs. The

automakers

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accused of pandering to the wishers of carb to continue to be allowed to sell

cars

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in the lucrative Californian

market

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while failing to adequately promote their electric

vehicles

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to create the impression that the consumers were not interested in the

cars

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. All the while joining oil industry lobbyists in vigorously protesting CARB’s mandate.

GM

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’s program came under particular scrutiny; in an unusual move, consumers were not allowed to purchase EV1s, but

instead

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asked to sign closed-end leases, meaning that the

cars

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had to be returned to

GM

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at the end of the lease period, with no option to purchase, Despite lesser interest in continuing to own the

cars

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. Chrysler,

Toyota

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, and a group of

GM

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dealers sued CARB in federal court, leading to the eventual neutering of CARB’s ZEV Mandate. C After public protests by

EV

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drivers’ groups upset by the repossession of their

cars

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,

Toyota

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offered the

last

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328 RAV4-EVs for sale to the general public for six months, up until November 22, 2002. Almost all other production electric

cars

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were withdrawn from the

market

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and were in some cases, it is seen to destroyed by their manufacturers.

Toyota

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continues to support the several hundred

Toyota

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RAV4-

EV

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in the general public's hands and in fleet usage.

GM

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famously de-activated the few EV1s that were donated to engineering schools and museums D Despite their poor fuel efficiency thanks to lower gasoline prices. Throughout the 1990s, the appeal of fuel-efficient or environmentally friendly

cars

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declined among Americans, who

instead

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favoured sport utility

vehicles

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, which were affordable to operate.

American

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automakers

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focused their product lines on truck-based

cars

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, which enjoyed larger profit margins than the smaller

cars

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preferred in Europe or Japan. In 1999, the honda insight hybrid

car

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became the

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first

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hybrid to be sold in North

American

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since the little-known woods hybrid of 1917. E In 1995,

Toyota

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debuted a hybrid concept

car

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at the Tokyo motor show with testing following a year later. The

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first

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Prius

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, model NHW10, went on sale on December 10, 1997. It was available only in Japan, though it has been imported privately to at least the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. The

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first

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-generation

Prius

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, at its launch, became the world

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first

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mass-produced gasoline-electric hybrid

car

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. The NHW10

Prius

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styling originated from

California

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designers, who selected competing designs from other

Toyota

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design studios. F In the united state, the NHW11 was the

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first

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Prius

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to be sold. The

Prius

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was marketed between the smaller corolla and the larger Camry. The published retail price of the

car

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was US$19,995. The NHW11

Prius

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became more powerful partly to satisfy the higher speeds and longer distances that Americans drive. Air conditioning and electric power steering were standard equipment. The vehicle was the

second

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mass-produced hybrid on the

American

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market

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, after the two-seat Honda Insight. While the larger

Prius

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could seat five, its battery pack restricted cargo space G The 2000s energy crisis brought renewed interest in hybrid and electric

cars

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. Hybrids, which featured combined gasoline and electric powertrain, were seen as a balance, offering an environmentally friendly image and improved fuel economy without being hindered by the low range of electric

vehicles

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, albeit at an increased price over comparable gasoline

cars

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. Sales were poor, the lack of necessity for a fuel-efficient

car

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at the time. In

American

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, sales of the

Toyota

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Prius

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jumped, and various

automakers

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followed suit, releasing hybrid models of their own. Several began to produce new electric

car

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prototypes, as consumers called for

cars

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that would free them from the fluctuations of oil prices. H In 2000, Hybrid Technologies, later renamed Li-ion

Motors

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, started manufacturing electric

cars

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in Mooresville, North Carolina. There has been increasing controversy with Li-ion

Motors

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due to the ongoing ‘lemon issues’ regarding their product. And their attempt to cover it up.

California

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electric-

car

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maker Tesla Roadster, which was

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first

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delivered to customers in 2008. The roadster remained the only highway-capable

EV

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in serial production and was available for sale until 2010. Senior leaders at several large

automakers

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, including Nissan and General

Motors

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, have stated that Roadster was a catalyst that demonstrated pent-up consumer demand for more efficient

vehicles

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.

GM

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vice chairman Bob Lutz said the Chevrolet Volt.

This

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plug-in hybrid sedan prototype aims to reverse years of dwindling

market

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share and massive financial losses for

American

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’s largest automaker. In an August 2009 edition of the New Yorker, Lutz said, ‘all the geniuses here at General

Motors

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kept saying lithium-ion technology is 10 years away, and

Toyota

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agreed with us – and boom, along comes Tesla. So I said, ‘ How come some tiny little

California

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startup, run by guys who know nothing about the

car

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business, can do

this

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, and we can’t? that was the crowbar that helped break up the log jam.