‘Outline the similarities and differences between Milgram’s and Bandura et al’.’s approach to exploring why people might do harm to others’.

Psychology attempts to explain human

behaviour

Use synonyms

and

one

Use synonyms

of the most disturbing human behaviours is

violence

Use synonyms

, especially among young people. During the 1960s,

two

Use synonyms

of the most influential studies on

this

Linking Words

matter were

Milgram

Use synonyms

’s

research

Use synonyms

on obedience in

authority

Use synonyms

and

Bandura

Use synonyms

et al.

on

Suggestion

On

children’s

aggression

Use synonyms

and the effects of media

violence

Use synonyms

on children.

Firstly

Linking Words

,

this

Linking Words

essay will compare these

two

Use synonyms

studies and their findings and

secondly

Linking Words

, it will outline the similarities and the types of

research

Use synonyms

methods used.

Lastly

Linking Words

, it will outline

both

Use synonyms

studies differences and findings. It will attempt to summarise the key points and provide a short summary of why people do harm to others. Stanley

Milgram

Use synonyms

(1933-1984) was born to a working-class Jewish family who had emigrated from Europe to the USA. His work was influenced by the horrors of the

Second

Linking Words

World War. The main purpose of his

study

Use synonyms

was to create a situation to see to what extent the subject of interest would obey the

authority

Use synonyms

and at what point they would stop. His work was certainly

one

Use synonyms

of the most substantial in Social Psychology (Banyard,

Use synonyms

P

Use synonyms

., 2012,

Use synonyms

p

Use synonyms

. 92). Another famous

experiment

Use synonyms

was conducted by Albert

Bandura

Use synonyms

and his colleagues in the 1960s the ‘

bobo

Suggestion

Bobo

doll

experiment

Use synonyms

’. The

study

Use synonyms

began in 1963, where he and his colleagues examined the children’s

behaviour

Use synonyms

after observing a

model

Use synonyms

performing aggressive acts live and on film. The

study

Use synonyms

also

Linking Words

aimed to look into the impact of media and

violence

Use synonyms

on children. The

two

Use synonyms

studies used different methods in conducting their

Use synonyms

research but

Accept comma addition

research, but

had a common goal; to understand human

behaviour

Use synonyms

and why people might do harm to others.

One

Use synonyms

of the few similarities between the

two

Use synonyms

studies is that they performed a scientific

study

Use synonyms

in controlled conditions with

few different variations

Suggestion

a few different variations

- situations where the original version is slightly changed.

Use synonyms

Milgram’s

Suggestion

study

Use synonyms

was conducted at the Psychology Department of the reputable American University Yale. The original set-up involved 3 participants: the experimenter, the learner and the teacher - the subject of interest. Using controlled experimental conditions allowed

Milgram

Use synonyms

to see the impact of each

variation

Suggestion

variable

to the level of obedience of the participant. In the same way,

Use synonyms

Bandura

(Greek mythology) the first woman; created by Hephaestus on orders from Zeus who presented her to Epimetheus along with a box filled with evils

Pandora

et al.’

s

Suggestion

S

experiment

Use synonyms

was carried out at Stanford University. The researchers created four conditions:

one

Use synonyms

in which the participants were exposed to a

model

Use synonyms

performing an aggressive act. In another condition, the participants watched a short video of a

model

Use synonyms

forcefully hitting the

bobo

Suggestion

Bobo

doll. In the other

two

Use synonyms

conditions the children were left on their own to see if they would mimic the

behaviour

Use synonyms

they had just observed

on

Suggestion

in

the

model

Use synonyms

.

This

Linking Words

allowed

Use synonyms

Bandura

(Greek mythology) the first woman; created by Hephaestus on orders from Zeus who presented her to Epimetheus along with a box filled with evils

Pandora

to observe behaviours that backed the main purpose of the

study

Use synonyms

. Another similarity across the

two

Use synonyms

studies was that they used large samples for the

experiment

Use synonyms

.

Milgram

Use synonyms

had forty participants in his original

study

Use synonyms

in 1961 and had processed 800 people with 19 different variations on the original design upon completion of his

study

Use synonyms

in 1962 (Banyard,

Use synonyms

P

Use synonyms

.

,

Accept space

,

2012,

Use synonyms

p

Use synonyms

.75). While

Use synonyms

Bandura

(Greek mythology) the first woman; created by Hephaestus on orders from Zeus who presented her to Epimetheus along with a box filled with evils

Pandora

et al.

had

Suggestion

Had

a total of ninety-six children (with an equal number of boys and girls between 3-6 years) most of which attended the university nursery school (Oates, J., 2012,

Use synonyms

p

Use synonyms

.110).

Both

Use synonyms

studies showed similar patterns in their

Use synonyms

research but

Accept comma addition

research, but

there are

also

Linking Words

some noticeable differences

such

Linking Words

as issues regarding ethics and age of participants. Ethics refers to the principles that govern the conduct of right and wrong, Oates, J.

(

Accept space

(

2012) cited in (Brace, N.

and

Suggestion

And

Byford, J., 2012,

Use synonyms

p

Use synonyms

. 77).

Use synonyms

Milgram’s

Suggestion

study

Use synonyms

sparked some ethical questions due to the nature of the experiments.

One

Use synonyms

of his many critics was his fellow psychologist Diana Baumrind. She and many others raised their concerns regarding the

participants

Suggestion

participants'

participant's

well-being. They pointed out that the

experiment

Use synonyms

could have been stopped when the teacher started feeling anxious upon giving electric shocks to the learner.

Moreover

Linking Words

,

Milgram

Use synonyms

used deception in his

experiment

Use synonyms

, his

defense

(military) military action or resources protecting a country against potential enemies

defence

was that it was important to see how long a normal person would continue to obey the

authority

Use synonyms

figure.

Use synonyms

Bandura

(Greek mythology) the first woman; created by Hephaestus on orders from Zeus who presented her to Epimetheus along with a box filled with evils

Pandora

et al.

Use synonyms

study

Suggestion

Study

on

Suggestion

of

children’s

behaviour

Use synonyms

raised some questions regarding the children’s

welfare but

Accept comma addition

welfare, but

it didn’t have any ethics reviews because the children involved were attending the university nursery and consent of the parents had likely been obtained. The findings of

both

Use synonyms

studies were impressive and have been hugely influential in Social Psychology.

Milgram

Use synonyms

found that some people would carry on giving harmful to deadly shocks to another human-being

as a result

Linking Words

of an order given by an

authority

Use synonyms

figure. Twenty-six out of forty participants continued to administer shocks up to 450 volts (Barnyard,

Use synonyms

P

Use synonyms

., 2012,

Use synonyms

p

Use synonyms

.75). He

then

Linking Words

introduced the heart attack dialogue in

one

Use synonyms

variation to see if that would make a difference to their obedience.

However

Linking Words

,

this

Linking Words

didn’t stop the more obedient from continuing all the way (Barnyard,

Use synonyms

P

Use synonyms

., 2012,

Use synonyms

p

Use synonyms

.75). He

also

Linking Words

explored the different variations

such

Linking Words

as the distance of the experimenter from the teacher as well as the presence of

two

Use synonyms

authority

Use synonyms

figures.

However

Linking Words

, his findings were essentially the same, the clear presence of

authority

Use synonyms

was significant.

Use synonyms

Bandura

(Greek mythology) the first woman; created by Hephaestus on orders from Zeus who presented her to Epimetheus along with a box filled with evils

Pandora

et al.

found

Suggestion

Found

that 80% of the children modelled the aggressive

behaviour

Use synonyms

(The Open University, 2019). It was observed that boys displayed higher

aggression

Use synonyms

scores than girls in all conditions. The gender of the

model

Use synonyms

had a significant impact on the levels of

aggression

Use synonyms

exhibited by the children, especially the boys. Half of the children saw a male

model

Use synonyms

and the other half saw a female.

This

Linking Words

variable manipulation was needed to compare the levels of

aggression

Use synonyms

they exhibited.

Use synonyms

Bandura

(Greek mythology) the first woman; created by Hephaestus on orders from Zeus who presented her to Epimetheus along with a box filled with evils

Pandora

et al.

was

Suggestion

Was

one

Use synonyms

of the

first

Linking Words

experimental studies on media

violence

Use synonyms

effects on

behaviour

Use synonyms

cited in Oates, J.

(

Accept space

(

2012,

Use synonyms

p

Use synonyms

.120). There are games, images and films that displays

extremely

Suggestion

extreme

intense emotions that can be portrayed by children and adults in the real world.

Since

Suggestion

For

Bandura

Use synonyms

’s

experiment

Use synonyms

, there have been many similar

research

Use synonyms

studies which have attempted to explain aggressive

behaviour

Use synonyms

in children

as a result

Linking Words

of media

violence

Use synonyms

, many of which have supported his original findings (Calvert and Wilson, 2008) cited in Banyard,

Use synonyms

P

Use synonyms

., (2012,

Use synonyms

p

Use synonyms

.123).

This

Linking Words

essay has examined

Use synonyms

Bandura

(Greek mythology) the first woman; created by Hephaestus on orders from Zeus who presented her to Epimetheus along with a box filled with evils

Pandora

et al.

and

Suggestion

And

Milgram

Use synonyms

’s studies on understanding human aggressive

behaviour

Use synonyms

. It began by providing a brief description of the methods used in the

researchers

Suggestion

researchers'

experiments.

Then

Linking Words

, it attempted to outline the similarities and the differences.

Lastly

Linking Words

, it has concluded that

both

Use synonyms

studies had been successful in demonstrating the complexity of human

behaviour

Use synonyms

. The findings in

both

Use synonyms

studies show that human beings, regardless of age, have the potential to exhibit aggressive

behaviour

Use synonyms

when influenced by an

authority

Use synonyms

or situations in the wider social world. Words:1099