Comparative study on accuracy of mucosal estradiol-17β, testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone, for maturity, and cutaneous vitellogenin gene expression in goldfish (Carassius auratus)

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To clarify
sex
identification and
maturity
status of fish, for managing broodstock, utilization of accurate procedure is required. The skin mucosal layer shows not only the presence of some reproduction outputs but can
also
meet robust non-invasive tool requirements. Skin
mucus
estradiol-17β (E2), testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), vitellogenin (
VTG
) and calcium (Ca) levels in goldfish, seasonal asynchronous spawner teleost, were traced in both sexes.
Initially
, histological analyses were monitored throughout females'
maturity
stages (primary-growth, cortical-alveoli, initial and late-vitellogenesis) and males' spermatogenesis and spermiation. Surface mucosal values,
then
, were compared to the plasma and gonad tissues. The concentrations of mucosal E2, T and 11-KT had been significantly surging during initial and late-vitellogenesis, spermatogenesis and spermiation, respectively. Plasma
sex
steroids showed the same results.
However
, E2 concentration revealed a peak only in late-vitellogenesis.
Mucus
VTG
levels showed significant alterations according to females’
maturity
status. Ca drew a similar trend as
VTG
in
mucus
,
however
, its accuracy for
sex
identification was higher than
VTG
. The highest expression level of
vtg
was observed in ovaries, while its expression in the liver and skin followed rather similar patterns. Our results suggested that
mucus
androgens (89% accuracy) could be introduced as a robust indicator to identify goldfish
maturity
status.
This
study expected that 11-KT will become more reliable along with
VTG
and Ca for
sex
verification than E2 and T.
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Include an introduction and conclusion

A conclusion is essential for IELTS writing task 2. It is more important than most people realise. You will be penalised for missing a conclusion in your IELTS essay.

The easiest paragraph to write in an essay is the conclusion paragraph. This is because the paragraph mostly contains information that has already been presented in the essay – it is just the repetition of some information written in the introduction paragraph and supporting paragraphs.

The conclusion paragraph only has 3 sentences:

  • Summary
  • Restatement of thesis
  • Prediction or recommendation

Example:

To summarize, a robotic teacher does not have the necessary disciple to properly give instructions to students and actually works to retard the ability of a student to comprehend new lessons. Therefore, it is clear that the idea of running a classroom completely by a machine cannot be supported. After thorough analysis on this subject, it is predicted that the adverse effects of the debate over technology-driven teaching will always be greater than the positive effects, and because of this, classroom teachers will never be substituted for technology.

Start your conclusion with a linking phrase. Here are some examples:

  • In conclusion
  • To conclude
  • To summarize
  • Finally
  • In a nutshell
  • In general

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