It is important for children to learn the difference between right and wrong at an early age. Punishment is necessary to help them learn this distinction. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? What sort of punishment should parents and teachers be allowed to use to teach good behavior to children?

New York City, 1908: different

colors

a flag that shows its nationality

colours

of skin swirl in the great melting pot to produce a cultural medley. Now imagine

such

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a metropolis spreading to cover every

last

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crevice on Earth. Over time, people will weave to produce an unprecedented uniformity; once discrete identities would be lost. Our heritages will be remembered only by the history texts in the hands of our progeny. A similar effect can be observed in environmental systems: we are in danger of losing our global

biodiversity

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to a monotonous fate. The

threat

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of invasive

species

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is now greater than the world has ever witnessed. The number of introductions caused by international commerce is enormous (Mooney and Cleland, 2001).

Although

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only a small portion of

emigrants

Suggestion

the emigrants

survive

Suggestion

survives

, those survivors have aggregated to form a giant global problem of

Use synonyms

bioinvasions

Suggestion

(Mack et al., 2000). Extensive studies have been done on many

exotics

being or from or characteristic of another place or part of the world

exotic

,

such

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as the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha, and their biological and ecological threats prompt human interest and intervention (Facon et al., 2006). Environmentalists advocate the awareness of invasive

species

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and governments spend millions to purge them.

However

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,

species

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removal is not as simple as it seems; we must be aware that the removal of an invasive causes

ecosystem

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disturbance, just like its introduction, and hasty action can cause irreparable damage to our global asset of

biodiversity

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. Extensive and specific studies of the risks and rewards of invasive

species

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removal should be done before any actions to

control

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a

bioinvasion

Suggestion

. The greatest danger in dealing with invasive

species

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involves risks in disturbing an

ecosystem

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, especially

one

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that's already threatened by an exotic. There are many studies

being done

Suggestion

been done

on the effects of these unwanted immigrants, but

precise mechanisms

Suggestion

the precise mechanisms

for these ecological disturbances are still unclear (Mack et al., 2000). Even less understood are the consequences of their removal. A study on the effects of

introduced

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introducing

trout

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on frogs showed that native populations can dramatically rebound upon extirpation of the invasive predator (Vredenburg 2004).

However

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, studies like

this

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may not have strong implications on the majority of

Use synonyms

bioinvasions

Suggestion

.

This

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study was carried out in isolated mountain pools. With the exception of the introduced

trout

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, these

ecosystems

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have had minimal disturbance and human contact.

This

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is quite different from many other

Use synonyms

bioinvasions

Suggestion

that happen in peoples' backyards. Insufficient understanding of invasive mechanisms can have catastrophic ramifications. In French

Polynesia

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, the predatory land snail Euglandina

rosea

any competition

race

was deemed a fix to the

economical

Suggestion

economic

threats of the giant African land snail Achatina

fulica

Suggestion

Fulica

. Convinced by experiences with A.

fulica

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Fulica

in Hawaii, a hasty French Polynesian government

set

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sets

this

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invasive

control

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project

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into action (O'Foighil 2006). The resultant extinction of nearly all endemic Partulid

species

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is a painful lesson today (Coote and Loeve, 2003). Hawaii and French

Polynesia

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are both

pacific

the largest ocean in the world

Pacific

archipelagos, but their differing

ecosystems

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led to the tragedy of the Partulids.

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Thus historical

Accept comma addition

Thus, historical

precedence cannot always be generalized and applied to foreign problems. Specific studies of any target invasive and

ecosystem

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must be done before drastic actions are carried out. The removal process itself is extremely tedious and in some cases near impossible. The removal of

trout

Use synonyms

from five isolated lakes in Sixty Lake Basin of California took six years (Vredenburg 2004). Similar cleansing of downstream lakes that could receive upstream fish would require even greater efforts. In the case of E.

rosea

Suggestion

Rise

Race

Rosea

in French

Polynesia

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, removal is thought to be impossible. The carnivorous snail has infested every corner of numerous French Polynesian islands, eliminating any possibility of Partulid reintroduction (Coote and Loeve 2006). The ability of

bioinvaders

Suggestion

to hybridize with native

species

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to produce a spectrum of pseudo-

exotics

being or from or characteristic of another place or part of the world

exotic

exacerbates

Suggestion

exacerbate

difficulties faced.

This

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is most common among plants, which can

also

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undergo extremely rapid evolution (Callaway and Maron, 2006): in England native

species

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of the genus Senecio

have readily hybridized

Suggestion

readily hybridize

readily hybridized

with

exotics

the study of the physical properties of sound

acoustics

to produce offspring that have taken over the country (Facon et al. 2006). In

such

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cases, total extirpation of non-natives would require the elimination of more than

one

Use synonyms

species

Use synonyms

and looms as a truly daunting task. As can be seen, removal projects are not always pragmatic or even possible. Studies like the English Senecio

project

Use synonyms

help elicit the mechanisms for

bioinvasion

Suggestion

and gauge the practicality of

control

Use synonyms

projects so we do not waste effort on an impossible task. Similar research should be done on all

exotics

being or from or characteristic of another place or part of the world

exotic

before invasive removal projects. The economic costs of invasive

species

Use synonyms

total over

one

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hundred billion dollars a year in the United States alone, and millions more are spent to

control

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or eliminate them (Mack et al., 2006).

However

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, the benefits of

such

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projects aren't always clear even upon completion. We assume the noble goal of restoring a native

ecosystem

Use synonyms

, yet actual outcomes can be less-than-equitable compromises. In the mid 20th century the United States government extirpated arctic foxes that had been introduced

to

Suggestion

in

the Aleutian archipelago fifty years earlier (Croll et al., 2005). Now half a century later, once fox-infested islands still bear the scars of the

bioinvasion

Suggestion

despite the success of the fox removal

project

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. Seabirds are slow to recolonize the once dangerous islands, and the lack of guano leaves them under blankets of tundra. Again, research to understand the mechanisms of

Use synonyms

bioinvasions

Suggestion

could have helped predict

this

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outcome and prevent implementation of

such

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wasted efforts. We launch invasive removal projects to save the natives;

however

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, are we actually helping them by removing an invasive? Environments that have been exposed to an exotic for sufficiently long periods have reestablished equilibrium:

species

Use synonyms

have developed adaptations to cope with their new

neighbors

a person who lives (or is located) near another

neighbours

. Off the coast of New England, mussels exposed to predatory crabs develop thicker shells as protection (Freeman and Byers, 2006). In Australia, snakes evolved smaller relative head sizes to cope with the introduced toxic cane toads (Phillips and Shine, 2004). These morphological changes represent investments to increase fitness in altered habitats. The energy cost of these features is balanced by an increased ability to survive. By removing invaders, we are eliminating the benefits of their adaptations. These disturbances would leave the native

species

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with just the adverse costs of thickened shells and smaller heads. In dealing with

Use synonyms

bioinvasions

Suggestion

, we must consider not only the native

species

Use synonyms

, but

also

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the dynamic

ecosystems

Use synonyms

. Disturbances can draw out unforeseen effects; like the fox removal

project

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in Alaska, a disturbance with the noblest of purposes can fall short of recovery. Invasive

species

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are a

threat

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to the world's

biodiversity

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, but their removal can be just as hazardous. Even with the right goal, without proper planning and sufficient studies to understand target

ecosystems

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, projects in invasive removal can prove futile or even produce dire consequences. Fortunately for Partulids in French

Polynesia

Use synonyms

, at least

one

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extant member of each endangered

clade

any collection of particles (e.g., smoke or dust) or gases that is visible

cloud

has been discovered and some hope of recovery still exists (O'Foighil 2006). Yet many organisms have no immediate relatives: the dead

clades

wearing or provided with clothing; sometimes used in combination

clads

walking are survivors of past mass-extinction events and their loss would be irreparable (Jablonski 2001). When controlling the global problem of invasive

species

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, prevention outshines restoration. Most modern

invasives

Suggestion

are spread by artificially, either as unwitting stowaways or intentional imports.

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However for

Accept comma addition

However, for

the average citizen, the awareness of

biodiversity

Use synonyms

is often masked by personal, political, and economic concern. The

threat

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of

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bioinvasions

Suggestion

must be publicized and personalized. Only

thru

from beginning to end

through

the aggregation of countless personal efforts can a global

threat

Use synonyms

be contained. In New Zealand, invasive

trout

Use synonyms

are a publicly supported economic boon (Townsend 2003). Any extensive lobbying for the continued existence of a

species

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is admirable. If people were just as aware of the value in their endemic

biodiversity

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, curbing the spread of exotic

species

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would take an easier turn