Ethical Issues involved when patients refuse treatment for life-threatening conditions

When a
patient
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requests
the
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apply
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discharge of a
patient
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, the medical
staff
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must
first
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check whether the
patient
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is capable of making decisions on his own. The
patient
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's decision-making
ability
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means the capacity to understand the
patient
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's condition and necessary treatment procedures after receiving sufficient information related to prescription from the medical team, compare the benefits and risks of each medication method, and make reasonable decisions according to the evaluation results. The following four basic factors can be used to objectively evaluate a
patient
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's decision-making
ability
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. (1) Can the
patient
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accurately convey his or her choice to the medical
staff
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? (2) Does the
patient
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fully understand his medical condition and treatment methods? (3) Does the
patient
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understand the benefits and risks of his or her choice? (4) Can the
patient
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properly explain the reason for his or her decision-making?If all four of the above questions fall under 'yes', the medical crew can determine that the
patient
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has decision-making
ability
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.
On the other hand
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,
judgment
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on a
patient
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's decision-making qualification should be made more strictly if there is a high risk of fatal consequences when discharged from the hospital. It was judged that the decision-making skill was not intact for emergency patients who refused remedies
such
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as gastric lavage by visiting the emergency room after drinking pesticides with the purpose of suicide. In
this
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case, the court evaluated that the
patient
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has no decision-making
ability
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due to medical conditions
such
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as drinking and pesticide addiction, and if there are any medical problems (addiction, pain, fever, withdrawal symptoms, etc.), immediate therapy should be performed. 1. In principle, it is necessary to respect the
patient
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's decision. The principle of respect for autonomy is one of the four principles of medical ethics, meaning the right of patients to decide and reject therapy or cure to be implemented on them. When grasping decision-making
ability
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, it is evaluated whether the
patient
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can explain the reason for decision-making, and at
this
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time, it is necessary to check whether external factors
such
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as economic factors are involved. The final responsibility for the decision-making of the
patient
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must be informed that the
patient
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himself or herself is responsible, and the medical
staff
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is obligated to explain to the
patient
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in advance about possible medication methods, treatments, and possible risks. 2. According to the
Patient
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Care Act, if a
patient
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does not have the qualification to make a determination, it is required to explain the medical practice to the legal representative who will make the
patient
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's agreement and obtain consent. The criterion for
judgment
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when making a proxy doctor is to
first
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follow the compromise intention specified by the
patient
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in advance.
This
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is the case in which there is a record of the
patient
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's intention, or when a family member or close person is informed of the preferred treatment. The criterion for estimation
judgment
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is to make a decision based on the operation choice that the
patient
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has previously preferred, and care should be taken not to reflect the purpose of the medical
staff
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or agent, and if there is an insufficient basis for estimation of the
patient
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's decision. It is stated that if the
patient
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himself or herself is in a state where it is difficult to express his or her aim, the medical personnel should respect the plan and
judgment
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of the
patient
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's representative,
such
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as his or her family, but try to appreciate and ensure the
patient
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's usual intentions and interests as much.

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Include an introduction and conclusion

A conclusion is essential for IELTS writing task 2. It is more important than most people realise. You will be penalised for missing a conclusion in your IELTS essay.

The easiest paragraph to write in an essay is the conclusion paragraph. This is because the paragraph mostly contains information that has already been presented in the essay – it is just the repetition of some information written in the introduction paragraph and supporting paragraphs.

The conclusion paragraph only has 3 sentences:

  • Summary
  • Restatement of thesis
  • Prediction or recommendation

Example:

To summarize, a robotic teacher does not have the necessary disciple to properly give instructions to students and actually works to retard the ability of a student to comprehend new lessons. Therefore, it is clear that the idea of running a classroom completely by a machine cannot be supported. After thorough analysis on this subject, it is predicted that the adverse effects of the debate over technology-driven teaching will always be greater than the positive effects, and because of this, classroom teachers will never be substituted for technology.

Start your conclusion with a linking phrase. Here are some examples:

  • In conclusion
  • To conclude
  • To summarize
  • Finally
  • In a nutshell
  • In general
What to do next:
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