1. Introduction
Annually, the
concrete
system suffers failures and road maintenance costs, one of the main reasons for which is cracking. The resistance of the
against the cracking mechanism is directly related to the ductility and toughness of the
. Using a higher amount of recycled materials can expose the
to cracking and reducing
. In
, cracking as s destructive agent of
is very common, finding precise test methods and at the same ,time low cost in order to investigate the influence of recycled materials on the behaviour of
has become a necessity. The purpose of
is to determine an economical and optimum relation between aggregates and binders so that the resulting
provides sufficient stability to resist deformation and cracking under vehicle loads. The main mission of the
using in pavements is to stand up to traffic loading under various weather conditions. The Marshall, Hveem and Superpave methods are the three most common
methods,
, the latter
procedure received more attention from engineers and
designers after being introduced in the 1990s. The Superpave system is designed based on the
and aggregate selection, a
-based hybrid process
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so that traffic and environmental condition are
taken into account. Superpave
consisted of three different
levels (
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1,2,3) based on complexity grade,
levels 2 and 3 were discarded due to high complexity [1 and 2].
Currently,
is based on the compatibility between
and aggregate and some other characteristics
as the physical properties of aggregates.
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properties are directly affecting the long-term behaviour of
, most state Departments of
(DOTs) and
contractors do not attention to
feature.
, the voids determined in the mineral aggregate (VMA)
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dependent on the accurate measurement of the physical properties of aggregates, while other considerable issues [3].
, the volumetric
procedure does not provide a solid approach toward the use of new materials (polymers, additives, rubbers) in
and there is still no comprehensive understanding of the use of high-volume of reclaimed
(RAP) and its interaction with virgin
matrix.
, the results of simple volumetrics evaluation may not be reliable. Due to all these reasons, using
tests for cracking and rutting in
can be considered
as Change preposition
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a
necessity to be able to determine a more accurate amount/volume of
. Many studies are underway to develop a new
for
verification-based
.
The
Department of
(ODOT) has recently developed a test
called
-based balanced
, which can be effectively used to evaluate the cracking mechanism in
pavements. It has been found that in
, indices
as the typical flexibility index (FI) can be measured with good accuracy for polymer-modified
produced in the factory and modified,
more experimental tests are needed to determine the results accurately.
References
[1] Sreedhar, S., Coleri, E., Obaid, I.A. and Kumar, V., 2021. Development of a Balanced
in
to Improve Long-Term
.
Research Record, 2675(12), pp.1121-1137.
[2]
, Erdem, Shashwath Sreedhar, and Ihsan Ali Obaid. Development of a Balanced
in
. No. FHWA-OR-RD-21-03.
. Dept. of
. Research Section, 2020.
[3] West, Randy, Carolina Rodezno, Fabricio Leiva, and Fan Yin. "Development of a framework for balanced
." Project NCHRP (2018): 20-07.