In spite of the advances made in agiculture,many people around the world stil go hungry. Why is this the case? What can be done about this problem?

1. Introduction Annually, the
asphalt
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concrete
pavement
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system suffers failures and road maintenance costs, one of the main reasons for which is cracking. The resistance of the
pavement
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against the cracking mechanism is directly related to the ductility and toughness of the
asphalt
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binder
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. Using a higher amount of recycled materials can expose the
asphalt
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pavement
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to cracking and reducing
performance
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. In
Oregon
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, cracking as s destructive agent of
asphalt
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pavement
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is very common, finding precise test methods and at the same ,time low cost in order to investigate the influence of recycled materials on the behaviour of
asphalt
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pavement
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has become a necessity. The purpose of
asphalt
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mix
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design
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is to determine an economical and optimum relation between aggregates and binders so that the resulting
mixture
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provides sufficient stability to resist deformation and cracking under vehicle loads. The main mission of the
asphalt
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mixtures
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using in pavements is to stand up to traffic loading under various weather conditions. The Marshall, Hveem and Superpave methods are the three most common
asphalt
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mixture
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design
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methods,
however
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, the latter
mix
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design
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procedure received more attention from engineers and
asphalt
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designers after being introduced in the 1990s. The Superpave system is designed based on the
asphalt
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binder
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and aggregate selection, a
performance
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-based hybrid process
,
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apply
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so that traffic and environmental condition are
also
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taken into account. Superpave
mix
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design
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consisted of three different
design
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levels (
level
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levels
show examples
1,2,3) based on complexity grade,
although
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levels 2 and 3 were discarded due to high complexity [1 and 2]. Currently,
asphalt
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mix
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design
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is based on the compatibility between
asphalt
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binder
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and aggregate and some other characteristics
such
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as the physical properties of aggregates.
Although
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,
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apply
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asphalt
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mixture
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properties are directly affecting the long-term behaviour of
asphalt
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mixtures
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, most state Departments of
Transportation
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(DOTs) and
asphalt
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contractors do not attention to
this
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feature.
For example
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, the voids determined in the mineral aggregate (VMA)
is
Correct subject-verb agreement
are
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dependent on the accurate measurement of the physical properties of aggregates, while other considerable issues [3].
In addition
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, the volumetric
mixture
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design
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procedure does not provide a solid approach toward the use of new materials (polymers, additives, rubbers) in
asphalt
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mixtures
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and there is still no comprehensive understanding of the use of high-volume of reclaimed
asphalt
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pavement
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(RAP) and its interaction with virgin
binder
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matrix.
Hence
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, the results of simple volumetrics evaluation may not be reliable. Due to all these reasons, using
performance
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tests for cracking and rutting in
asphalt
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mixture
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design
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can be considered
as
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apply
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a
design
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necessity to be able to determine a more accurate amount/volume of
asphalt
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binder
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. Many studies are underway to develop a new
method
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for
performance
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verification-based
mix
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design
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. The
Oregon
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Department of
Transportation
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(ODOT) has recently developed a test
method
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called
performance
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-based balanced
mix
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design
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, which can be effectively used to evaluate the cracking mechanism in
asphalt
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pavements. It has been found that in
this
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method
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, indices
such
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as the typical flexibility index (FI) can be measured with good accuracy for polymer-modified
asphalt
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mixtures
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produced in the factory and modified,
although
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more experimental tests are needed to determine the results accurately. References [1] Sreedhar, S., Coleri, E., Obaid, I.A. and Kumar, V., 2021. Development of a Balanced
Mix
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Design
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Method
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in
Oregon
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to Improve Long-Term
Pavement
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Performance
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.
Transportation
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Research Record, 2675(12), pp.1121-1137. [2]
Coleri
Correct your spelling
Colour
, Erdem, Shashwath Sreedhar, and Ihsan Ali Obaid. Development of a Balanced
Mix
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Design
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Method
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in
Oregon
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. No. FHWA-OR-RD-21-03.
Oregon
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. Dept. of
Transportation
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. Research Section, 2020. [3] West, Randy, Carolina Rodezno, Fabricio Leiva, and Fan Yin. "Development of a framework for balanced
mix
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design
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." Project NCHRP (2018): 20-07.

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    • Sentence 1 - Background statement
    • Sentence 2 - Detailed background statement
    • Sentence 3 - Thesis
    • Sentence 4 - Outline sentence
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    • Sentence 1 - Topic sentence
    • Sentence 2 - Example
    • Sentence 3 - Discussion
    • Sentence 4 - Conclusion
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    • Sentence 1 - Topic sentence
    • Sentence 2 - Example
    • Sentence 3 - Discussion
    • Sentence 4 - Conclusion
  • Paragraph 4 - Conclusion
    • Sentence 1 - Summary
    • Sentence 2 - Restatement of thesis
    • Sentence 3 - Prediction or recommendation

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