the amount of time spend on sports and exercise should be increased in schools in order to tackle the problem of overweight childer ? do you think this the best way to deal with the problem? what other solutions can you suggest

Mucormycosis

is an angio-invasive fungal infection caused by the fungi belonging to the order Mucorales. The Mucorales can cross physical barriers and invade host defence mechanisms mainly in immunocompromised individuals. Human infection is said to be caused by asexual spore formation which

then

becomes airborne and resides on the oral and nasal mucosa of humans. In the vast majority of immunologically competent hosts, these spores are contained by the host phagocytic response.

However

, if

host

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the host

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defence fails, germination follows by hyphae development. It progresses as the hyphae begin to invade vessel walls and arteries causing thrombosis and ischemia of the affected tissues. Fungal hyphae produce a substance called Rhizoferrin (Siderophores), which binds to iron available in the blood circulatory system.

This

Iron-Rhizoferrin complex is responsible for the fungus growth and its intracellular processes. It has been documented that R. arrhizus adheres directly to the vascular endothelial cells through the endothelial cell surface receptor, human glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78)[4].

This

invasion of the vascular system significantly increases acidosis and hyperglycemic conditions. Patients with neutropenia have more extensive angioinvasion.

Also

, Ischemic necrosis of the infected tissues caused by a fungus can prevent the delivery of leukocytes and antifungal agents to the foci of infection. Various

risk

factors

have been reported for

mucormycosis

which are listed in Table 1[5,6]. The difference in

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the

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prevalence of

risk

factors

/underlying disease varies among different countries. Prakash H et al 2019 published a review on the global epidemiology of

mucormycosis

and reported that in Asian countries, diabetes mellitus is the most common

risk

factor whereas transplantation and haematological disorders are more commonly seen as

risk

factors

in European countries[7]. With the pandemic around the globe, there is an increase in rhinomaxillary

mucormycosis

in Covid-19 recovered patients. Acute lung damage in Covid-19 is controlled by administering corticosteroids.

This

led to transient hyperglycemia, which coupled with low immunity served as an ideal environment for fungal growth and proliferation. Fungus once established in the paranasal sinuses can spread rapidly to the orbit and cerebral region via the nasolacrimal duct and medial orbit. So, it can be assumed that Covid-19

also

can be one of the contributing

factors

/

risk

factors

for rhinomaxillary

mucormycosis

.