The German
functions upon the rules and regulations of the Basic Law “Grundgesetz”. The Federal Ministries of
, Cultural Affair and Science is the main authority for making
, science and arts policy guidelines, and for adopting related laws and administrative regulations.
The ministry closely collaborates with the Federation and Länders (German states) authorities, in supervising the entire activity of the educational institutions, organizations and foundations.
Responsibility on
issues in Germany is shared amongst Länders and the Federation (which has a minor role). Though, there are areas of cooperation in the
field for which
a distinction between both parts doesn’t exist, known as “joint tasks” or “Gemeinschaftsaufgaben”.
Landers,
,
a wide legislative power around their territory about
, academic, adult and continuing sector (except if the Basic law empowers the Federation with
a power
).
The German
is divided into 5 levels:
Early Childhood
.
Primary
.
Secondary
.
Tertiary
.
Continuing
.
Early Childhood
in Germany
What Is Considered Preschool
in Germany?
Early childhood
is optional
and care that children between 0-6 of
receive in the Federal Territory of Germany.
Who’s Responsible for the German Preschool
?
Supervision of the German pre-
is mainly the responsibility of the State Youth Welfare Office “Landesjugendämter” of the respective Lander. They’re in charge of issuing licenses for the preschool
and care institutions.
To get
a preschool
operation license, providers have to meet the requirements.
includes having the right child
staff ratio, properly qualifications educators, adequate space, appropriate equipment and hygiene, as well as the
-appropriate
program.
Youth offices manage
the operation and investment money that Lander or “Kommunen” allocates for activities and advancement of German preschool
centersan area that is approximately central within some larger region
.
Which Are the Institutions of Preschool
in Germany?
German pre-
is largely offered by privately-run day-care
centersan area that is approximately central within some larger region
and less by institutions established by local authorities. Preschool
providers are “Kinderkrippen” (crèches), child-minding
centersan area that is approximately central within some larger region
, kindergarten, and day-care
centersan area that is approximately central within some larger region
.
Priority in offering childhood
services is offered to non-public organizations,
as Churches, Welfare or Parent’s Associations. Local authorities may
preschool
services, only if there’s a lack of private initiatives or poor services of the aforementioned providers.
Opening hours of the preschool
institutions are scheduled in cooperation between parents and managing staff.
, usually children get a 7-hour day childhood
and care, including lunch and sometimes a midday break.
Which Are the Teaching Methodology and Materials in Preschool
in Germany?
For Children Under the
of 3
The
educational mission of the German preschool
(
under 3) is the enhancement of communication skills amongst kids.
, it is the
of their
skills through the social interaction with other toddlers and adults.
Communication and
skills are taught by
role model (educators), finger plays, singing, pictured books and additional teaching
instruments.
, an important part in pre-educating children is given to the motor
.
includes increasing body awareness, self-acceptance, self-confidence and concentration amongst the toddlers.
Motor
is reached through physical activities, visiting public environments, rhythmic early
programs, singing and movement playing.
For the Children over the
of 2
values that preschool
seeks to develop amongst children are the enhancement of their teamwork skills, along with their
of integration in daily life activities.
Key areas of German preschool
of children older than 2 are (1)
, writing, communication, (2) personal and social
, (3)
of values and religious
, (4) mathematics, natural sciences, (information) technology (5) fine arts
working with different media (6) body, movement, health and (7)
and cultural environments.
values are taught through self-organized learning, creative learning, teamwork building activities, investigation and experimental activities.
Assessment of the Educational Achievements in Preschool
in Germany
Children are not assessed regarding their educational achievement reached by participating in German preschool institutions.
, they’re constantly supervised by their educators or trainers regarding their attainment from learning activities.
The opinion of educators is discussed with parents of the children, who together agree on
measures on
of kids’ learning skills.
What If a Child Isn’t yet Ready
Compulsory
Studies?
There is a middle option for children having reached the compulsory
attendance
, who yet hasn’t reached the needed
leading to
studies.
is relevant for children with disabilities and those in in need for special
. So, they attend a special
offered by some Landers, known as
Kindergarten “Schulkindergärten”, or a Preliminary Class “Vorklassen” beforehand.
Compulsory
in Germany
What Is Considered as Compulsory
in Germany?
All Germans are obliged to attend primary and secondary
, ever since they reach the
of 6, up until they complete a 9
full-time schooling at
, or 10 years of full-time years for other general
schools.
If youngsters fail to attend full-time classes at the general or vocational
schools, at upper secondary
,
to attend part-time left-aside classes.
applies even if
already passed the period of their compulsory
.
obligation is known as compulsory attendance “Berufsschule Berufsschulpflicht” and lasts 3 years.
Other children who fail to attend at
and training,
may be required to attend full-time classes and trainings (for vocational schools only).
Disabled youngsters have an obligation to complete compulsory
too.
In dependencea city in western Missouri; the beginning of the Santa Fe Trail
to their special
needs “Sonderpädagogischer Förderbedarf” they will attend either a normal
or a special
“Sonderpädagogische Bildungseinrichtungen”.
German compulsory
obliges pupils to regularly participate in
lessons, as well as in other formal and informal schooling activities
events
projects.
compulsion extends
to their parents who’ve to regularly supervise
progress of their children and participate in
parent’s meetings.
includes training companies which are in charge of keeping the evidence of the pupils’ attendance in the vocational training and children’s practical commitment (for vocational schools).
German Primary
What Is Considered Primary
in Germany?
Grundschule (primary
)
mandatory
through mixed-ability classes for children of
6 until they complete
4 (or 6 in Berlin and Brandenburg) of
studies.
There are two primary
systems in Germany. In a 5-day
week pre-
, there’re 188 teaching days
annually. In a 6-day
week preschool
, there’re 208 days of teaching
annually, by including
teachings during 2 Saturdays
every month.
Primary
pupils are obliged to attend 20 to 29
coursesa small group of indispensable persons or things
1 week, and 20-22 /
year. Primary
courses normally
up to 45 minutes. During 1 day up to 6 courses can be taught.
Which are the Teaching Practices in Primary Schools in Germany?
The
objective of the German primary
is
of essential understanding, skills, abilities and key competences amongst pupils.
Subjects taught in German primary schools are German
, mathematics, general studies, foreign
,
, handicrafts
textile design,
, sports, and religion
ethics. They
teach intercultural, mint, media, health, musical-aesthetic, sustainable
, and values
.
Learning objectives in primary schools are attained through engagement of pupils in planning, running,
analyzingconsider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning
subjects (lessons) in an adapted way, which goes along with their
, interest, curiosity and concerns. Students are
encouraged to take part in organizing initiatives and interdisciplinary projects of the
.
Primary
textbooks in Germany, used as
reference, have to be approved the respective Ministry.
People suffering long-term or permanent illness or physical incapacity who couldn’t attend primary
may well receive
at their homes.
offers
special primary Suggestion
a special primary education scheme
special primary education schemes
scheme for children of the professional
travelersa person who changes location
, who cannot attend regular primary
. Schools like
for Children of Professional
TravelersSuggestion
Travellers
Travelling
Travels
“Schule für die kinder beruflich Reisender”
separate
for
group of children, during the period they’re not
travelingthe act of going from one place to another
.
There’s even a
for Circus Children “Schule für Circuskinder”.
Germany has
vocationally-oriented primary
modules.
is offered for the children of workers in companies
institutions
as EU project BeKoSch (
of Professional Skills for Showmen through Modules).
What’s more, Germany has International Schools offering primary
through bilingual lessons in several languages,
as the European Schools.
Which Is the Grading
in German Primary Schools?
By completing lessons of the
1, children
are automatically transferred to the
2, regardless
of
attained during
studies.
Starting from
2, these children are awarded a suitable mark,
in dependencefreedom from control or influence of another or others
to the
of
attained during studies. If failing to pass the
, children have to repeat the
lessons once more.
In the Pupil’s
report “Zeugnis” is issued showing all the marks achieved during a
year, and according to
decided whether the child will pass to the
or has to repeat the same
.
The progress of pupils in German primary schools is evaluated upon a 6-mark grading
as follows:
1 (very good).
2 (good).
3 (satisfactory).
4 (adequate).
5 (poor).
6 (very poor).
Does a Pupil Receive a Primary
Leaving Certificate in Germany?
There isn’t any examination upon completing a German primary
.
,
primary Suggestion
the primary school-leaving certificate
a primary school-leaving certificate
-leaving certificate
, except for the Lander Baden-Württemberg and Rheinland-Pfalz.
, when pupils leave a German primary
they must have reached “the Grundschule target outcomes”.
, there
an annual report of their studies during 4th
6th
.
What Is Considered Secondary
in Germany?
German Secondary
takes place after the primary
, and it’s separated into lower secondary
“Sekundarstufe I” and upper secondary
“Sekundarstufe II”.
The lower secondary
is the
offered for pupils of
10 – 15
16 in grades 5
7 to 9
10. Lessons
are of a general nature and serve as preparation for the upper
of secondary
.
The upper secondary
is the
that pupils of
15
16 – 18
who have completed lower
of secondary
receive for the purpose of getting a
or a vocational
.
resumes all the courses of lower secondary
built the basis of
of the participating pupils.
Germany has various secondary schools attended by children of various abilities and various prior qualifications received in primary
.
Which Are the Types of Secondary Schools in Germany?
Federal country of Germany offers secondary
in public and private schools.
Germany’s publicly-funded secondary schools are:
German high schools issuing specialized qualifications in one
area.
“Gymnasium”. Providing intensive and in-depth general
, general
studies, and for scientific work. It normally covers schooling years from
5-12 or 5-13, leading to an “Allgemeine Hochschulreife” known as “Abitur”.
“Hauptschule”. Teaching basic general
, leading to a vocational or
.
in
lasts from
5-9, and sometimes includes the
10 as well, leading to a “Hauptschulabschluss”.
“Realschule”. Offering more extensive
, leading to a vocational or
. It usually covers schooling years from
5 to 10, “Realschulabschluss”.
German schools with more than one
course “Schularten
Bildungsgängen”. They
2-3 different
subjects.
German vocational schools. They
lessons and practical placement, known as a dual
. These are the types of vocational schools available in Germany:
“
”. Providing 2
to the holders of
“Mittlerer Schulabschluss” leading to a “Fachhochschulreife”, entitling holder to enter a
of applied sciences. If a 13
is held
institution, a pupil completing it can receive a “Fachgebundene Hochschulreife” or an “Abitur”.
“
”. Providing a 2
general and in-depth
and training regarding initial vocational
and training obtained during previous
, leading to a vocational
(or Abitur – by proving the good command in
second foreign Suggestion
a second foreign language
). There is
a 3
4 year course of
which is aimed at getting a double
, both vocational and higher
.
“Berufsfachschule”. Offering
for one or few professions which require formal recognition or leading to a vocational training
.
“
”. Delivering practically-oriented and interdisciplinary lessons and skills, which prepare pupils for
vocational
or for a job in a profession. They do that based on the dual
,
and training combined.
“Berufliches Gymnasium”. Providing a 3
long secondary
program, leading to an Abitur.
Germany’s private secondary schools are the following:
Alternative schools “Ersatzschulen”. Providing equal lessons and courses
public secondary schools.
Complementary schools “Ergänzungsschulen”. Teaching additional courses, despite those that are
offered in the public secondary schools.
Which are the Objectives of the German Secondary
?
Lower secondary
in Germany, as its
mission has the fundamental
, individual specialization, and identification of individual abilities amongst children.
German secondary
objectives are achieved by:
Engaging children intellectually, emotionally and physically.
Teaching them independence, decision making, as well as personal, social and political responsibility.
Assisting them in attaining their educational goals.
Supporting them in advancing their specialist
.
General upper secondary schools in Germany aim to prepare youngsters with the needed understanding to obtain the Abitur or other
. With a
they can apply for
academic studies in any German higher
institution, or apply for a professional
and training
course.
Gymnasium offers youngsters with exhaustive understanding, expertise and know-hows for German and foreign
as well as Mathematics. These institutions
taught young people self-
, social responsibility, and participation in democratic society.
, they’re informed and guided regarding academic institutions and their admission requirements, vocational sphere and access requirements, together with the employment prospect in various professions.
Upper secondary
offered during 2 full-time years by the German vocational
high-schoolsa public secondary school usually including grades 9 through 12
“Berufliches Gymnasium” prepares youngsters
a vocational
for a skilled work as qualified staff “Fachgebundene Hochschulreife”.
allows them to get a job in a profession requiring a formal
. The same time,
can lead into a
, if the holder shows a good command
a
foreign
.
, with
the holder can
in a technical
, but before that,
to
for 2 years until they get a maturity certificate “Mittlerer Schulabschluss”.
Which is the Grading
in the German Secondary
?
The progress of pupils in the German secondary schools is evaluated upon a 6-mark grading
as follows:
1 (very good).
2 (good).
3 (satisfactory).
4 (adequate).
5 (poor).
6 (very poor).
What Makes a Tertiary
in Germany?
German tertiary
in Germany provides higher
for qualifying individuals, who before all, have completed secondary
in Germany or abroad which entitles them to enter higher
studies.
Who’s Responsible for Supervision of German Tertiary
?
Higher
institutions under the Basic law enjoy the autonomy to independently manage the scholarship awarding, research and teaching activity.
For administrative issues,
as academic and governmental matters, these institutions have to be in accord with the Lander’s ministry.
Which Are the Institutions of German Tertiary
?
Higher
studies (tertiary
providers) in Germany are named the recognized institutions providing higher
courses leading to a profession that addresses
of the local and international
.
Germany’s
providers, recognized as Higher
Institutions are:
Universities “Universitäten” and Equal Institutions.
“
Hochschulen”/”Technische Universitäten”.
“Pädagogische Hochschulen”.
Theological colleges.
Universities of Applied Sciences “Fachhochschulen”.
and
Colleges.
Higher
Institutions for Federal Armed Forces.
Higher
Institutions Offering Dual Studies “Berufsakademie” (BA).
Institutions of Continuing Vocational
“Fachschulen” And “Fachakademien” In Berlin. According to the International Standard Classification of
(ISCED), the
received from these institutions is equal to the
of higher
.
What Are German Universities and Equal Institutions Specialized In?
German universities are higher
institutions providing
of
courses. Equivalent institutions to universities
a minor number of
courses,
irefers to the speaker or writer
.e.
and engineering, theology, pedagogy, or alike.
Despite differences between them, both of these institutions are entitled to award
Ph(from potential of Hydrogen) the logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration in gram atoms per liter; provides a measure on a scale from 0 to 14 of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution (where 7 is neutral and greater than 7 is more basic and less than 7 is more acidic);
.D.
“Doktorgrad” (Promotionsrecht).
Universities and equivalent institutions
have the exclusivity to
and scientific research
programs for the future academics.
What Are Colleges of
and
in Germany Specialized In?
German colleges of
and
are higher
institutions delivering
courses for
of the future artists or musicians, including teachers of
or
. Some of these institutions teach all
subjects and some others only certain
subjects of
area.
German colleges or
and
the following
courses:
Visual, design and performing arts.
Film, television and media.
Theoretical studies, through the following
subjects:
Fine arts.
history and
pedagogy.
History and teaching of
.
Media and communication.
Digital media.
What Are the Universities of Applied Sciences “Fachhochschulen” Specialized In?
German universities of applied sciences “Fachhochschulen” are independent higher
institutions providing
-oriented and responsive teaching and research programs, towards
needs. These institutions are mainly self-sustained, and some of them are publicly funded.
The key distinction feature of German universities of applied sciences is
of a paid practical training (practical job) “Praxissemester” in the
program.
trainings are carried in premises of private businesses or public institutions
administrations aimed at placing the student closer to the
needs.
Teaching professors in Fachhochschulen, despite being academics, have a strong background of professional experience in the
, out of the academia.
German Universities of applied sciences
the following
courses:
Agricultural economy.
Design.
Technology.
Business.
Social work.
Along with other German universities of applied sciences, there is a “Verwaltungsfachhochschulen”. They provide
programs especially designed for training and educating civil servants of the Federal public administration. There are about 29
institutions in Germany, and they are sponsored and managed by the Federation or the Land.
Note: In some Landers Fachhochschulen is called “Hochschulen für
Wissenschaften”.