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Effects of size heterogeneity, feeding/fasting strategy and stocking density modulation on body performance and cannibalism rate of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) larvae

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Persian
sturgeon
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 (
Acipenser
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 persicus) is one of the most valuable
species
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 in the southern parts of the Caspian Sea.
However
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, regrettably, the population of
this
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species
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 currently declined due to poaching and overfishing for its meat or caviar harvesting, environmental pollution and destruction of spawning grounds in the Caspian Sea. The Persian
sturgeon
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 has been considered an endangered
species
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 in IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2012) and
thus
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 for five decades, the conservation of Persian
sturgeon
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 is carried out by artificial propagation through applying appropriate larval rearing techniques to supply fingerlings. Feeding strategies are considered crucial stimuli, during
sturgeon
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larviculture
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. To establish an appropriate larval production strategy, manipulation of feeding patterns conceived by food restriction effects on green
sturgeon
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 (
Acipenser
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 medirostris) through pursuing fingerlings metabolic and homeostasis responses (Lin, Huang, Deng, Lee, Liang, & Hung, 2019), as well as the importance of initial feeding evaluation for growth and survivability in Siberian
sturgeon
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 (
Acipenser
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 baeri)
larvae
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 (Gisbert & Williot, 1997), and white
sturgeon
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 (
Acipenser
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 transmontanus) (Deng, Koshio, Yokoyama, Bai, Shao, Cui, & Hung, 2003). Thereby, the feeding strategy could be a noticeable factor over
larviculture
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.
Although
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fish
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 growth performance and survival are mostly discussed in
larviculture
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 technology, knowledge in
sturgeon
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 aggressive nature would be definitely required more attention.
Cannibalism
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 is considered a special form of killing and predation, particularly among
fish
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larvae
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.
This
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 aggressive behaviour leads to an excessive mortality rate in
larviculture
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 which is well-documented in teleosts (Manica, 2002;
Baras
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, Kestemont, & Mélard, 2003; Puvanendran 2008; Manley, Rakocinski, Lee, & Blaylock, 2015; Leu, Tai, Meng, Tang, Wang, & Tew, 2018).
Cannibalism
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 can be definitely altered by a number of environmental and population factors (Naumowicz, Pajdak, Terech-Majewska, & Szarek, 2017) including feeding
frequency
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 or food availability (Manley et al., 2015),
fish
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 stocking
frequency
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 (Folkvord, 1991;
Baras
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 et al., 2003) or even length heterogeneity (Kestemont, Jourdan, Houbart, Mélard, Paspatis, Fontaine, Cuvier, Kentouri, &
Baras
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, 2003; Ribeiro, Forsythe, & Qin, 2015; Leu et al., 2018). These literally cause either prey
frequency
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 or production weight gain consequences (Hecht & Pienaar, 1993; Kestemont et al., 2003;
Baras
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 et al., 2003). Control of the outlined factors is rooted in knowing
larviculture
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 based on
species
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 that have direct impacts on production, rearing expenditure and costs of facilities.
Furthermore
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, the possibility of feeding
frequency
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 and its effect on excessive aggression behaviour of teleosts is proved in African catfish Clarias gariepinus
larvae
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 (Kaiser, Weyl, & Hecht, 1995) and yellowtail flounder Limanda ferruginea (Dwyer, Brown, Parrish, & Lall, 2002). In some
species
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such
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 as juvenile Asian seabass Lates calcarifer (Ribeiro et al., 2015), Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis (Król & Zieliński, 2015) and wild Atlantic bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus
larvae
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 (Uriarte, Johnstone, Laiz-Carrión, García, Llopiz, Shiroza, Quintanilla, Lozano-Peral, Reglero, & Alemany, 2019)
cannibalism
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 rate was fluctuated by
fish
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 density. Moderation of
cannibalism
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 rate may be
also
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 controlled by optimizing the stocking density. Stocking density
also
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 regarded as a negative variable for juvenile Chinese
sturgeon
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 (
Acipenser
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 Sinensis) (Long, Zhang, Ni, Liu, Wu, & Wang, 2019) and Amur
sturgeon
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 (
Acipenser
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 schrenckii) (Ni, Wen, Li, Chi, Bu, Ren, Zhang, Song, & Ding, 2014) performance, resistance and survivability. The effect of size differentiation is another contributing option confirmed in the aggressive behaviour of Asian seabass fry (Ribeiro & Qin, 2013), Eurasian perch and pikeperch Sander lucioperca (Król et al., 2013). In many cases, the main target of aquaculture is keeping size heterogeneity for facilitating harvesting or even feeding (Biswas, Thirunavukkarasu, Sundaray, & Kailasam, 2010; Chiu, Chu, Huang, Ho, Huang, & Yeh, 2020),
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however
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,however
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 the effects of size sorting should be elucidated properly during
larviculture
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.

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