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Effects of size heterogeneity, feeding/fasting strategy and stocking density modulation on body performance and cannibalism rate of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) larvae

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2.1.
Fish
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 and rearing condition Five hundred and forty
Persian
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sturgeon
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larvae
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 were selected in hatched group those which were obtained from a pair male and female breeder at the Shahid Dr. Beheshti
Sturgeon
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Fish
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 Restocking and Genetic Conservation Center (Rasht, Guilan, Iran) and transferred to the Dr. Yousefpour Marine Fishes Restocking and Genetic Conservation Center (Siahkal, Guilan, Iran). The present study designed as two separate trials described below. Water quality was recorded daily in both experiments as follows: Temperature: 26 ± 0.6 °C, pH: 7 ± 0.3 and dissolved oxygen: 7.5 ± 0.1 mg L-1.
Fish
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 were fed ad libitum with Artemia nauplii and Daphnia sp. six times per day. The
growth
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performance
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 and aggressive behavior were monitored daily. 2.2.
Experiment
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-A
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:
Size
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 and feeding
/
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fasting trial The
first
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 experiment containing six
treatments
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 recognized based on
size
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 heterogeneity [large
fish
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 (160 ± 12 mg mean
weight
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) and small
fish
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 (37 ± 0.0 mg mean
weight
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)] and feeding
/
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fasting strategy. Experimental
treatments
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 were designed as: A1 (5 large + 5 small starved
fish
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); A2 (5 large + 5 small fed
fish
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); A3 (10 large starved
fish
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); A4 (10 large fed
fish
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); A5 (10 small starved
fish
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) and A6 (10 small fed
fish
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) in triplicate which is illustrated by details in
Figure
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 1. Totally, 180
fish
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 were distributed in circular plastic tanks (35
cm
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 diameter × 10
cm
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 depth) over a 14-day rearing period. 2.3.
Experiment
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-
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B
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:
Size
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, feeding
/
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fasting strategy and stocking
density
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 trial The
second
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 experiment was carried out with emphasizing on stocking densities. Totally, 360
larvae
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 were distributed in six
treatments
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 as: B1 (10 large + 10 small starved
fish
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); B2 (10 large + 10 small fed
fish
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); B3 (20 large starved
fish
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); B4 (20 large fed
fish
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); B5 (20 small starved
fish
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) and B6 (20 small fed
fish
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) which were distributed in circular plastic tanks (35
cm
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 diameter × 10
cm
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 depth) over a 14-day which is shown by details in
Figure
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 1. 2.4. Body
performance
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 and
cannibalism
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rate
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 The
growth
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performance
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 and survival
rate
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 were measured using the following formula:
Weight
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 gain (WG, g) = final
weight
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 (Wf) – initial
weight
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 (Wi) Survival
rate
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 (SR, %) = 100 × [final number of
fish
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 / initial number of
fish
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]
Cannibalism
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 assessment was carried out throughout the 14
days
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 according to the method of Damme et al. (1989).
Larvae
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 were injured or disappeared by the cannibals and died due to natural causes were assayed daily.
Then
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, difference in
fish
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 numbers between each count was recorded that leads to estimate
cannibalism
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rate
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, using the following formula:
Cannibalism
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rate
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 (%) = 100 – [survival
rate
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 (%) + natural
mortality
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 (%)] 2.5. Statistical analysis One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan's multiple range tests was used for data analysis after checking the normality of data and homogeneity of variances by Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Levene's tests, respectively. Admittedly, independent samples t-test was used for comparison of experimental groups with different manner. Mean values were considered significantly different at
P
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 < 0.05. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS statistical package version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). 3. RESULTS 3.1.
Growth
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performance
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 In the current study, final
weight
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 in
Persian
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sturgeon
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larvae
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 were gradually affected by
size
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 heterogeneity, feeding
/
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fasting strategy (Table 1,
experiment
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-A
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) which are significantly decreased by imposing high stocking
density
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 (Table 1,
experiment
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-
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B
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). In both experiments,
growth
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performance
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 in fed
larvae
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 had a significant difference compared to the starved ones (
P
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 < 0.05). The
size
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 homogeneity had the positive effects on fed
larvae
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 final
weight
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 in
experiment
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-A
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 (A4 and A6 groups) and
experiment
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-
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B
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 (B4 and B6 groups). The stocking
density
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 remarkably affected final
weight
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 of
Persian
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sturgeon
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larvae
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 (
P
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 < 0.05). 3.2.
Mortality
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rate
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Figure
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 2 shows the cumulative
mortality
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 rates of
Persian
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sturgeon
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larvae
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 at
experiment
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-A
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 and
experiment
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-
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B
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. According to the results, the
mortality
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rate
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 increased significantly in starved
fish
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 maintained in
experiment
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-A
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 after 5 (A1; A5) or 7
days
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 (A3) (Figure2
-A
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), whereas for
experiment
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-
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B
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, it increased from
first
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 day,
then
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 decreased significantly after 8
days
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 (B2, B4 and B6) in fed
fish
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(
Figure
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 2
-
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B
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). Over 14
days
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, the starved
fish
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 (
Figure
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 2
-A
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) had an upward trend, while
this
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 issue seems stable by stocking
density
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 effects (
Figure
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 2
-
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B
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). Totally, the results revealed that survivability was higher in
experiment
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-A
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 rather than
experiment
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-
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B
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. 3.2.
Cannibalism
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rate
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Figure
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 3 provides
cannibalism
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 rates in
experiment
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-A
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 and
experiment
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-
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B
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 that has been followed and calculated by disappeared or injured
larvae
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. Obviously, the
larvae
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 those are treated by feeding procedure revealed the lower
cannibalism
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 rates than starved ones either in
experiment
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-A
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 (
Figure
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 3
-A
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) or
experiment
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-
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B
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 (
Figure
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 3
-
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B
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) (
P
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 < 0.05). Considering our data, the
cannibalism
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rate
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 was optimized in order to A2 (small and large fed
fish
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) over
experiment
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-A
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 (
Figure
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 3
-A
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) and B4 (all large fed
fish
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) over
experiment
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-
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B
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 (
Figure
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 3
-
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B
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) by 42.5% and 55% across all
treatments
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, respectively.

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