Effects of size heterogeneity, feeding/fasting strategy and stocking density modulation on body performance and cannibalism rate of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) larvae

Persian

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sturgeon

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(

Acipenser

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persicus) is one of the most valuable

species

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in the southern parts of the Caspian Sea. Regrettably,

however

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, the population of them currently declined due to poaching and overfishing for their meat or caviar harvesting, environmental pollution and destruction of spawning grounds in the Caspian Sea. The

Persian

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sturgeon

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has been considered an endangered

species

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in IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2012) and

thus

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for five decades, the conservation of

Persian

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sturgeon

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is launched to carry out by artificial propagation through applying appropriate larval rearing techniques and supplying fingerlings. On the one side, feeding strategies are by far the most crucial stimuli, during

sturgeon

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larviculture

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. To establish an appropriate larval production strategy, manipulation of feeding patterns taking by food restriction effects on green

sturgeon

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(

Acipenser

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medirostris) through pursuing fingerlings metabolic and homeostasis responses (Lin, Huang, Deng, Lee, Liang, & Hung, 2019), as well as the importance of initial feeding evaluation for growth and survivability in Siberian

sturgeon

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(

Acipenser

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baeri)

larvae

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(Gisbert & Williot, 1997), and white

sturgeon

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(

Acipenser

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transmontanus) (Deng, Koshio, Yokoyama, Bai, Shao, Cui, & Hung, 2003).

On the other hand

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,

besides

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the fact that

larvae

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growth performance and survival are almost always under alteration by feeding procedures, knowledge in

sturgeon

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aggressive nature can bring new regulations to

larviculture

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technology.

Cannibalism

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is considered a special form of killing and predation seems to be among

fish

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larvae

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,

in particular

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.

This

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aggressive behaviour leads to an excessive mortality

rate

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in

larviculture

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which is well-documented in teleosts (Manica, 2002;

Baras

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, Kestemont, & Mélard, 2003; Puvanendran 2008; Manley, Rakocinski, Lee, & Blaylock, 2015; Leu, Tai, Meng, Tang, Wang, & Tew, 2018). To illustrate,

cannibalism

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can be definitely altered by a number of environmental and population factors (Naumowicz, Pajdak, Terech-Majewska, & Szarek, 2017) including feeding

frequency

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or food availability (Manley et al., 2015),

fish

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stocking

frequency

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(Folkvord, 1991;

Baras

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et al., 2003) or even

fish

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length heterogeneity (Kestemont, Jourdan, Houbart, Mélard, Paspatis, Fontaine, Cuvier, Kentouri, &

Baras

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, 2003; Ribeiro, Forsythe, & Qin, 2015; Leu et al., 2018).Having a certain effect on weight gain or even survivability by prey

frequency

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are

cannibalism

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nature consequences (Hecht & Pienaar, 1993; Kestemont et al., 2003;

Baras

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et al., 2003). Control of the outlined factors is rooted in knowing

larviculture

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based on

species

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that primarily impacts production and

then

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rearing expenditure and costs of facilities. The possibility of feeding

frequency

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and its effect on excessive aggression behaviour is monitored in some teleosts including African catfish Clarias gariepinus

larvae

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(Kaiser, Weyl, & Hecht, 1995) and yellowtail flounder Limanda ferruginea (Dwyer, Brown, Parrish, & Lall, 2002). In some

species

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such

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as juvenile Asian seabass Lates calcarifer (Ribeiro et al., 2015), Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis (Król & Zieliński, 2015) and wild Atlantic bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus

larvae

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(Uriarte, Johnstone, Laiz-Carrión, García, Llopiz, Shiroza, Quintanilla, Lozano-Peral, Reglero, & Alemany, 2019)

cannibalism

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rate

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was fluctuated by

fish

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density

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. Moderation of

cannibalism

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rate

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may be

also

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controlled by optimizing the stocking

density

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. Stocking

density

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also

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regarded as a negative variable for juvenile Chinese

sturgeon

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(

Acipenser

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sinensis

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Sinensis

show examples

) (Long, Zhang, Ni, Liu, Wu, & Wang, 2019) and Amur

sturgeon

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(

Acipenser

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schrenckii) (Ni, Wen, Li, Chi, Bu, Ren, Zhang, Song, & Ding, 2014) performance, resistance and survivability. The effect of

size

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differentiation is another contributing option confirmed in the aggressive behaviour of Asian seabass fry (Ribeiro & Qin, 2013), Eurasian perch and pikeperch Sander lucioperca (Król et al., 2013). In many cases, the main target of aquaculture is keeping

size

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heterogeneity steady for facilitating harvesting or even feeding (Biswas, Thirunavukkarasu, Sundaray, & Kailasam, 2010; Chiu, Chu, Huang, Ho, Huang, & Yeh, 2020), though the effects of

size

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sorting should be elucidated properly during

larviculture

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. Regarding

larviculture

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as a crucial phase, there is a necessity to round off knowledge in

sturgeon

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larviculture

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. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding/fasting strategy,

size

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heterogeneity and stocking

density

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on growth performance and survival of

Persian

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sturgeon

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larvae

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as well as exploring the

cannibalism

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rate

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in

this

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species

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.