Some students take one year off between finishing school, and going to university, in order to travel or to work. Do you think advantages outweigh disadvantages?

Large-scale

landscape

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features including natural and man-made barriers contribute to

habitat

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fragmentation

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and

connectivity

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, affecting animal communities and posing a threat to

species

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' long-term sustainability. Barriers have been proven to affect a wide range of

species

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' roaming

behavior

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behaviour

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, dispersal, gene flow, and distribution. Differential effects of barriers may influence the geographic distribution and overlap of

species

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, and

consequently

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community structure

,

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when

species

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coexist in a

landscape

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system. Human-caused

habitat

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loss and

fragmentation

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are frequently cited as critical causes in the current biotic homogeneity.

Many

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empirical research now

support

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supports

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the notion that

such

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processes

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affect a wide range of animal

species

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. Many vertebrate

species

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have seen consistent population declines

as a result

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of anthropogenic

landscape

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fragmentation

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. Conservationists try to maintain or rebuild linkages between residual

habitat

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fragments as landscapes throughout the world become increasingly fragmented. Connecting remnant

patches

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or protected places like national parks are strips of high-quality

habitat

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(corridors).

Landscape

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fragmentation

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has long been recognized as a hazard to

biodiversity

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. Farming techniques, urban development, and the construction of transportation infrastructures are all key contributors. Significant losses in the quantity and size of

habitat

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patches

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cause wildlife populations to become isolated, increasing the danger of extinction.

Landscape

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fragmentation

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can be avoided or reduced in several ways: by preserving existing elements (

patches

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or corridors) that facilitate movement; by improving the quality of

such

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elements,

for example

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by increasing their size; or by using restoration measures to create new

habitat

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patches

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or corridors.

Connectivity

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, or the ease with which a

landscape

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promotes or hinders movement between resources or habitats, is an important feature of land management for

species

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and community protection.

Connectivity

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has an impact on demography, encourages dispersal and colonization, preserves genetic variety, improves a

species

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' ability to adjust to disturbances and changing climates, and promotes long-term persistence in varied settings.

As a result

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, enhancing

landscape

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connectedness has been identified as a critical method for minimizing climate change's effects on

biodiversity

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. The

fragmentation

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of ecosystems, and especially the loss of

connectivity

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between different

habitat

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areas, is considered to be one of the main impacts on

biodiversity

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caused by linear transport infrastructure and is

also

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known as the barrier effect to wildlife dispersal movements. Here we describe Circuitscape, a computational tool which applies circuit-theoretic

connectivity

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analyses to

landscape

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data using large-scale combinatorial and numerical algorithms.

Modeling

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Modelling

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of

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apply

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ecological

connectivity

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across landscapes is important for understanding a wide range of ecological

processes

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, and for achieving environmental management goals

such

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as conserving threatened plant and animal populations, predicting infectious disease spread, and maintaining

biodiversity

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. Understanding broad-scale ecological

processes

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that depend on

connectivity

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, and incorporating

connectivity

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into conservation planning efforts, requires quantifying how

connectivity

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is affected by environmental features.

Thus

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, there is a need for efficient and reliable tools that relate

landscape

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composition and pattern to

connectivity

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for ecological

processes

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.