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Fragmentation

happens when a broad expanse of

habitat

is divided into a number of smaller

patches

with a reduced overall area, separated from one another by a

habitat

matrix

that is

different from the original. The threat of

landscape

fragmentation

on

biodiversity

has long been acknowledged. Farming techniques, urban development, and transportation infrastructure construction are all important factors. Significant reductions in the number and size of

habitat

patches

separate wildlife populations, increasing the risk of extinction.

Landscape

fragmentation

can be avoided or reduced in a variety of ways, including preserving existing elements (

patches

or corridors) that facilitate movement, improving the quality of

such

elements (

for example

, by increasing their size), or using restoration measures to create new

habitat

patches

or corridors. Conservationists try to maintain or rebuild linkages between residual

habitat

fragments as landscapes throughout the world become increasingly fragmented. Connecting remnant

patches

or protected places like national parks are strips of high-quality

habitat

(corridors).

Connectivity

, or the ease with which a

landscape

promotes or hinders movement between resources or habitats, is an important feature of land management for species and community protection.

Connectivity

has an impact on demography, encourages dispersal and colonization, preserves genetic variety, improves a species' ability to adjust to disturbances and changing climates, and promotes long-term persistence in varied settings.

As a result

, enhancing

landscape

connectedness has been identified as a critical method for minimizing climate change's effects on

biodiversity

. The

fragmentation

of ecosystems, and especially the loss of

connectivity

between different

habitat

areas, is considered to be one of the main impacts on

biodiversity

caused by linear transport infrastructure and is

also

known as the barrier effect to wildlife dispersal movements. Here we describe Circuitscape, a computational tool which applies circuit-theoretic

connectivity

analyses to

landscape

data using large-scale combinatorial and numerical algorithms.

Modeling

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ecological

connectivity

across landscapes is important for understanding a wide range of ecological processes, and for achieving environmental management goals

such

as conserving threatened plant and animal populations, predicting infectious disease spread, and maintaining

biodiversity

. Understanding broad-scale ecological processes that depend on

connectivity

, and incorporating

connectivity

into conservation planning efforts, requires quantifying how

connectivity

is affected by environmental features.

Thus

, there is a need for efficient and reliable tools that relate

landscape

composition and pattern to

connectivity

for ecological processes.