This section explores the evolution of geopolitical thought, from traditional geopolitics focused on power competition and survival to critical geopolitics, which emphasizes geography, discourse, and narrative in shaping global relations. The discussion then turns to China's approach to international relations, focusing on the shift from coexistence to cooperation and the use of soft power narratives within the Global South. Furthermore, it examines the recalibration of geopolitics in light of new challenges, including climate change and the energy transition. The geopolitics of renewables introduces both opportunities and risks, highlighting the competition for critical materials and the emerging winners and losers in global power dynamics.