Chinese scholars Xu and Wang have contributed to the analysis of the challenges and opportunities in the Sino-Kazakh partnership in the energy sector, particularly China’s role in Kazakhstan’s renewable energy development. In their joint research, Xu and Wang examine Kazakhstan’s current development situation of RE’s development. In addition, they are pointing at the impact of Chinese investments and technology transfers with a focus on wind and solar energy projects (Xu and Wang 2019). They highlight key geopolitical risks, including Kazakhstan’s balancing act between major powers, public skepticism toward Chinese investments, and Russia’s strategic influence in the region, all of which shape the trajectory of energy cooperation.